Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

• A. A child pointed to his father's shoe and said 'daddy,' as if to convey 'daddy's shoe.'
• B. A thirsty toddler said, 'mama water.'
• C. A newborn infant asked, 'Can I have some coffee?'
• D. A baby communicated to her parents using her brain.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Telegraphic speech is when a child uses a two-word phrase to convey a larger meaning, such as 'mama water.' Choice A is incorrect as it does not demonstrate telegraphic speech but rather a simple labeling. Choice C is incorrect as it is a complete sentence and not a two-word phrase. Choice D is also incorrect as it does not describe telegraphic speech but rather a vague statement about communication.

2. How is binge-eating disorder different from bulimia?

• A. Typically eat much smaller portions before purging the food.
• B. Do not typically purge the food they eat.
• C. Only purge their food after several binge sessions.
• D. Often resort to anorexic methods to rid themselves of the food they have eaten.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because individuals with binge-eating disorder do not typically engage in purging behavior, unlike those with bulimia. Choice A is incorrect as individuals with binge-eating disorder do not purge the food they eat, so they do not eat smaller portions before doing so. Choice C is incorrect as they do not purge their food after several binge sessions. Choice D is incorrect as individuals with binge-eating disorder do not resort to anorexic methods to rid themselves of the food they have eaten.

3. Which neurotransmitter is reduced in both the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder?

• A. Acetylcholine
• B. Dopamine
• C. Norepinephrine
• D. Serotonin

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Serotonin. Serotonin levels are reduced during both the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder. Acetylcholine (choice A) is not typically linked to bipolar disorder. Dopamine (choice B) and norepinephrine (choice C) are more commonly associated with conditions like schizophrenia and depression, respectively, rather than bipolar disorder. Therefore, they are not the neurotransmitters reduced in both manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder.

4. The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on?

• A. The role of the unconscious.
• B. Internal mental events.
• C. The interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior.
• D. The adaptive value of a behavior.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The cognitive perspective emphasizes understanding human behavior by focusing on internal mental events such as thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions. This helps in explaining how individuals process information, solve problems, and make decisions. Choice A, the role of the unconscious, is associated with psychoanalytic theory rather than the cognitive perspective. Choice C, the interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior, is more aligned with a holistic or biopsychosocial perspective. Choice D, the adaptive value of a behavior, is more related to evolutionary psychology rather than the cognitive perspective.

5. If a pair of monozygotic twins raised in the same environment end up being different from one another (e.g., interests, hobbies, etc.), it is highly likely due to:

• A. Cephalocaudal pattern
• B. Proximodistal pattern
• C. Cephamodistal pattern
• D. Gene-environment correlation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximodistal pattern. Differences between monozygotic twins raised in the same environment are likely due to non-shared environmental influences, which lead to differences in interests, hobbies, and other individual characteristics. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Cephalocaudal pattern refers to the principle of development from head to toe, not relevant in explaining differences between twins. Cephamodistal pattern is not a recognized developmental term. Gene-environment correlation does not directly explain the differences between identical twins raised in the same environment.

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