ATI RN
Psychology 2301 Exam 1
1. If having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees that Parkinson's disease will develop, the gene is a ________.
- A. risk factor
- B. necessary cause
- C. sufficient cause
- D. contributory cause
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: necessary cause. A necessary cause is an essential factor for the disorder to occur. In this scenario, if having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees the development of the disease, then the gene is a necessary cause. Choice A, 'risk factor,' implies an increased likelihood of developing the disease but does not indicate certainty. Choice C, 'sufficient cause,' indicates that the gene alone can bring about the disease, which is not necessarily true in this context. Choice D, 'contributory cause,' suggests that the gene plays a part in causing the disease but is not essential for its development.
2. The understanding of genetic influences on behavior may never be fully achieved due to ________.
- A. the ease of researching to differentiate between the effects of the environment and genes.
- B. the likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment.
- C. the reliance on twin studies in genetic research.
- D. our significant understanding of how genes impact brain chemistry.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because most behaviors are influenced by the interaction of multiple genes and the environment. Choice A is incorrect because it suggests that researching the effects of the environment and genes is easy, which is not the case. Choice C is incorrect as it focuses on a specific method (twin studies) rather than the broader concept of gene-environment interaction. Choice D is incorrect as the statement implies a high level of understanding that contradicts the idea that genetic influences on behavior may never be fully understood.
3. Normal human cells have ________.
- A. twenty-two chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.
- B. twenty-one trisomy chromosome pairs, one autosomal pair, and one pair of sex chromosomes.
- C. twenty-one chromosome pairs and two trisomy chromosome pairs.
- D. twenty-three chromosome pairs.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Normal human cells have twenty-two chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes. This adds up to a total of 46 chromosomes. Choice B is incorrect as it mentions twenty-one trisomy chromosome pairs, which is not a characteristic of normal human cells. Choice C is also incorrect as it states twenty-one chromosome pairs and two trisomy chromosome pairs, which is not accurate for normal human cells. Choice D is incorrect as it mentions twenty-three chromosome pairs, which is not the correct number for normal human cells.
4. Neural plasticity is ________.
- A. the process by which neurotransmitters are broken down in the brain.
- B. the flexibility of the brain—existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made.
- C. strong evidence of brain damage, leading to the development of a mental disorder.
- D. the best indicator of temperament and its effect on the personality development of a child.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Neural plasticity refers to the brain's flexibility to change existing neural circuits or create new ones. Choice A is incorrect as it describes neurotransmitter breakdown, not neural plasticity. Choice C is incorrect because neural plasticity does not necessarily indicate brain damage leading to mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect because neural plasticity is not specifically related to temperament or personality development in children.
5. Which parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcome?
- A. Authoritarian
- B. Permissive/indulgent
- C. Authoritative
- D. Neglectful/uninvolved
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The authoritative parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children's needs while also setting clear expectations and boundaries. This balance fosters a supportive environment that allows children to develop autonomy, self-confidence, and social skills. Authoritarian parenting (choice A) is characterized by strict rules and harsh discipline, leading to less favorable outcomes. Permissive/indulgent parenting (choice B) involves being lenient and overly responsive, which can result in children lacking self-discipline. Neglectful/uninvolved parenting (choice D) is marked by a lack of responsiveness and involvement, resulting in negative developmental outcomes.
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