ATI RN
Psychology 2301 Exam 1
1. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 and includes the Oedipal period is the ________ stage.
- A. genital
- B. oral
- C. phallic
- D. latency
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5, including the Oedipal period, is the phallic stage. During this stage, children experience the Oedipus or Electra complex, where they develop unconscious sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent and see the same-sex parent as a rival. The genital stage (Choice A) is the final stage where mature sexual interests emerge, oral (Choice B) and anal stages precede the phallic stage, and latency (Choice D) is a stage following the phallic stage characterized by a focus on developing social and cognitive skills.
2. Which of the following is NOT a culture-bound syndrome?
- A. Hikikomori
- B. Zar
- C. Hoopa
- D. Koro
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Hoopa,' as it is not recognized as a culture-bound syndrome. A culture-bound syndrome refers to a cluster of symptoms that are recognized and named within a specific cultural group but may not be recognized universally. Hikikomori is a culture-bound syndrome in Japan where individuals isolate themselves from social interactions. Zar is a culture-bound syndrome found in Africa and the Middle East characterized by episodes of laughing, crying, and singing. Koro is a culture-bound syndrome, primarily documented in Asian cultures, where individuals have an intense fear of genital retraction.
3. What is extinction, and how might it be used in treating a disorder?
- A. Extinction strengthens the conditioned response by continuously pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
- B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
- C. Extinction is ineffective and is not used in treating disorders.
- D. Extinction is the process of intensifying the conditioned response by pairing the conditioned stimulus with a stronger unconditioned stimulus.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. This process helps in reducing or eliminating undesired behaviors or responses. Choice A is incorrect because extinction weakens the conditioned response by breaking the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Choice C is incorrect as extinction is a widely used technique in behavioral therapies for treating disorders. Choice D is incorrect as extinction aims to reduce the conditioned response, not intensify it.
4. ______________ are conditions that increase the probability of a disorder but are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause it.
- A. Risk factors
- B. Contributory causes
- C. Sufficient causes
- D. Protective factors
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct term for conditions that increase the probability of a disorder but are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause it is 'Contributory causes.' Risk factors (Choice A) are conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome but do not imply causation. Sufficient causes (Choice C) are conditions that guarantee the occurrence of a disorder by themselves. Protective factors (Choice D) decrease the likelihood of a disorder rather than increasing it.
5. How do early life experiences shape brain development and behavior?
- A. Early life experiences have no impact on brain development.
- B. Early life experiences are crucial in shaping brain development and later behavior.
- C. Early life experiences are not significant in brain development.
- D. Early life experiences are easily overcome by adulthood.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Early life experiences are crucial in shaping brain development and later behavior. These experiences play a significant role in laying the foundation for future mental health and behavior. Choice A is incorrect because early life experiences do have a profound impact on brain development. Choice C is incorrect as early life experiences are indeed significant in brain development. Choice D is incorrect as early life experiences can have lasting effects into adulthood.
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