ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam
1. Which state of arousal is considered the most fleeting?
- A. Regular sleep
- B. REM sleep
- C. Drowsiness
- D. Quiet alertness
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Quiet alertness is indeed the most fleeting state of arousal. This state is characterized by a newborn infant being awake, calm, and attentive, but it is short-lived and transitions quickly to other states of arousal. Regular sleep, REM sleep, and drowsiness are not considered as brief and transitional as quiet alertness in newborn infants.
2. Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.
- A. plasticity
- B. stability
- C. nurture
- D. discontinuity
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.
3. Why do young infants usually cry?
- A. because they are bored
- B. in shrill, piercing tones
- C. because of physical needs
- D. all night long
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Young infants usually cry because of physical needs such as hunger, discomfort, or needing to be changed. It is their way of communicating these needs to their caregivers as they are unable to do so in any other way. Choice A is incorrect because infants cry primarily to communicate physical needs, not because they are bored. Choice B is incorrect because the tone of the cry is not the reason why infants cry. Choice D is incorrect because infants cry for various physical needs, not necessarily all night long.
4. In the __________ period, teratogens rarely have any impact.
- A. germinal
- B. embryonic
- C. fetal
- D. prenatal
Correct answer: A
Rationale: In the germinal period of prenatal development, which lasts for about the first two weeks after fertilization, the developing organism is a zygote that has not yet implanted in the uterus. During this period, teratogens rarely have any impact because essential implantation and early cellular division processes are occurring. Teratogens are more likely to have significant effects during the later embryonic and fetal periods of development. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, embryonic period, is incorrect because teratogens have a higher likelihood of impacting development during this period. Choice C, fetal period, is also incorrect as teratogens can impact development during this stage as well. Choice D, prenatal, is a broad term encompassing the entire period of development from conception to birth and is not a specific developmental stage where teratogens have a minimal impact.
5. When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, __________.
- A. implantation occurs
- B. pregnancy does not occur
- C. it stops growing
- D. the cells of the zygote first duplicate
Correct answer: A
Rationale: When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, this process is known as implantation. Implantation is a crucial step in the early stages of pregnancy where the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall in order to receive nourishment and continue developing. Choice B is incorrect because implantation is a necessary step for pregnancy to occur. Choice C is incorrect as implantation marks the beginning of further growth and development. Choice D is incorrect as the duplication of cells occurs during earlier stages of development, not during implantation.
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