ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam
1. Self-reports __________.
- A. use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view
- B. describe the entire stream of behavior—everything said and done over a certain time period
- C. range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests
- D. bring together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Self-reports can range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests. This variety allows researchers to collect information from participants in different ways, depending on the research goals and the type of information being sought. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the range and flexibility of self-reports as outlined in the field of research methodology.
2. Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory __________.
- A. on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events
- B. by conducting studies of animal behavior
- C. on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents
- D. by carefully observing his own children
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events. Freud believed that events in early childhood had a significant impact on an individual's development and personality. He used his patients' recollections of childhood experiences to develop his theories on psychosexual development. Choice B is incorrect as Freud did not base his theory on studies of animal behavior. Choice C is incorrect as Freud's theory was not solely based on interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents. Choice D is incorrect as Freud did not construct his theory by observing his own children.
3. The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the expectant mother __________.
- A. has access to social support during stressful periods
- B. takes a low dose of anti-anxiety medication
- C. takes a folic acid supplement early in pregnancy
- D. is placed on bed rest during the last trimester
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Having access to social support during stressful periods can greatly reduce the effects of stress on the developing organism. Social support can provide emotional comfort, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging, which can help the expectant mother cope with stress more effectively. This support system can also help mitigate the negative impact of stress on the developing baby during pregnancy. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while folic acid is important for prenatal health, it does not directly address the effects of stress. Taking anti-anxiety medication should be done under medical supervision and as a last resort due to potential risks to the developing baby. Bed rest during the last trimester is not a solution to reduce the effects of stress and may not address the underlying causes of stress.
4. What is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries?
- A. Use of natural or prepared childbirth
- B. Use of a doula
- C. Medical control over childbirth
- D. Apgar testing
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Medical control over childbirth is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries. Cesarean deliveries are often performed due to various medical interventions such as monitoring the progress of labor, fetal distress, and other complications that may arise during childbirth. The increasing use of medical interventions and technology has contributed to the higher rate of cesarean deliveries globally. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly involve the decision-making and interventions typically carried out by medical professionals during childbirth, which are major factors leading to the rise in cesarean deliveries.
5. Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that __________.
- A. aging is an eventual 'shipwreck'
- B. learning follows a predictable timetable
- C. development is plastic at all ages
- D. musical talent peaks in late adulthood
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Max, age 65, learning to play the piano at a local senior center demonstrates that development is plastic at all ages. This means that individuals have the potential to learn and grow regardless of their age, showing that it is never too late to acquire new skills and experiences. Choice A is incorrect because it presents a negative view of aging, which is not supported by Max's actions. Choice B is incorrect as it implies that learning is restricted to certain age periods, which is contradicted by Max's experience. Choice D is incorrect because Max's learning of the piano at 65 suggests that musical talent can be developed at any age, not necessarily peaking in late adulthood.
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