ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam
1. In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to __________.
- A. lower birth weight and higher risk of premature birth
- B. suppressed development of the immune system
- C. serious damage to the central nervous system
- D. improved fetal cardiovascular functioning
Correct answer: D
Rationale: In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to improved fetal cardiovascular functioning. Regular exercise has been shown to benefit both the mother and baby by promoting better cardiovascular health and overall well-being during pregnancy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as exercise during pregnancy, when done appropriately, does not lead to lower birth weight, higher risk of premature birth, suppressed immune system development, or serious damage to the central nervous system. Instead, it is known to have positive effects on fetal development and maternal health.
2. When children are research participants, __________.
- A. Investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research.
- B. They have the right to concealment of their identity on information collected in the course of research.
- C. There is a need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research.
- D. Informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: When children are research participants, it is essential to obtain informed consent from their parents or others who act on their behalf. This is to ensure that the child's rights and well-being are protected during the research process. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving children, as they may not have the capacity to fully understand the implications of their participation. Choice A is incorrect because seeking the opinion of others when in doubt about harmful effects is not a substitute for informed consent. Choice B is incorrect because children do not have an absolute right to conceal their identity in research, especially when it comes to ensuring their safety and well-being. Choice C is incorrect as it is important to inform children or their parents about the results of the research to maintain transparency and respect for their participation.
3. In mammals, including humans, the sense of smell __________.
- A. does not become adultlike for several years
- B. helps mothers and babies identify each other
- C. is the least developed sense at birth
- D. takes about four months to become adultlike
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The sense of smell in mammals, including humans, plays a crucial role in helping mothers and babies identify each other. This is important for initiating bonding and caregiving behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional at birth and not entirely underdeveloped for several years. Choice C is incorrect as the sense of smell is actually well-developed at birth. Choice D is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional from birth and does not take several months to become adultlike.
4. Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory __________.
- A. on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events
- B. by conducting studies of animal behavior
- C. on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents
- D. by carefully observing his own children
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events. Freud believed that events in early childhood had a significant impact on an individual's development and personality. He used his patients' recollections of childhood experiences to develop his theories on psychosexual development. Choice B is incorrect as Freud did not base his theory on studies of animal behavior. Choice C is incorrect as Freud's theory was not solely based on interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents. Choice D is incorrect as Freud did not construct his theory by observing his own children.
5. In the __________ period, teratogens rarely have any impact.
- A. germinal
- B. embryonic
- C. fetal
- D. prenatal
Correct answer: A
Rationale: In the germinal period of prenatal development, which lasts for about the first two weeks after fertilization, the developing organism is a zygote that has not yet implanted in the uterus. During this period, teratogens rarely have any impact because essential implantation and early cellular division processes are occurring. Teratogens are more likely to have significant effects during the later embryonic and fetal periods of development. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, embryonic period, is incorrect because teratogens have a higher likelihood of impacting development during this period. Choice C, fetal period, is also incorrect as teratogens can impact development during this stage as well. Choice D, prenatal, is a broad term encompassing the entire period of development from conception to birth and is not a specific developmental stage where teratogens have a minimal impact.
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