ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam
1. Which Apgar criterion can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races?
- A. pink color
- B. reflex irritability
- C. limp muscle tone
- D. strong breathing
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Among the Apgar criteria, the pink color (choice A), reflex irritability (choice B), and limp muscle tone (choice C) are relatively easy to assess in newborns of all races. However, the criterion that can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races is strong breathing (choice D). This is because evaluating the strength of a newborn's breathing can be more subjective and require careful observation. Unlike the other criteria that have more visible and objective indicators, assessing the strength of breathing might vary based on the observer's interpretation, making it more challenging to apply universally.
2. In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to __________.
- A. lower birth weight and higher risk of premature birth
- B. suppressed development of the immune system
- C. serious damage to the central nervous system
- D. improved fetal cardiovascular functioning
Correct answer: D
Rationale: In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to improved fetal cardiovascular functioning. Regular exercise has been shown to benefit both the mother and baby by promoting better cardiovascular health and overall well-being during pregnancy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as exercise during pregnancy, when done appropriately, does not lead to lower birth weight, higher risk of premature birth, suppressed immune system development, or serious damage to the central nervous system. Instead, it is known to have positive effects on fetal development and maternal health.
3. Self-reports __________.
- A. use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view
- B. describe the entire stream of behavior—everything said and done over a certain time period
- C. range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests
- D. bring together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Self-reports can range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests. This variety allows researchers to collect information from participants in different ways, depending on the research goals and the type of information being sought. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the range and flexibility of self-reports as outlined in the field of research methodology.
4. When __________, newborn Takeo's toes should fan out and curl as his foot twists in.
- A. a bright light shines in his eyes
- B. his bare foot touches a flat surface
- C. his cheek is stroked near the corner of his mouth
- D. the sole of his foot is stroked from toe to heel
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the description of the twisting and fanning out of newborn Takeo's toes suggests the Babinski reflex, which is typically elicited by stroking the sole of the foot from toe to heel. The Babinski reflex is a normal response in newborns and indicates proper neurological development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not elicit the specific response described in the question.
5. What is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries?
- A. Use of natural or prepared childbirth
- B. Use of a doula
- C. Medical control over childbirth
- D. Apgar testing
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Medical control over childbirth is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries. Cesarean deliveries are often performed due to various medical interventions such as monitoring the progress of labor, fetal distress, and other complications that may arise during childbirth. The increasing use of medical interventions and technology has contributed to the higher rate of cesarean deliveries globally. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly involve the decision-making and interventions typically carried out by medical professionals during childbirth, which are major factors leading to the rise in cesarean deliveries.
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