Nursing Elites

1. From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________.

• A. Behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.
• B. Behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.
• C. Behaviorists were too focused on explaining how abnormal behavior is acquired.
• D. Behaviorists underestimated the role of reinforcement.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because behaviorists, from the cognitive-behavioral perspective, are criticized for not considering the significance of mental processes. This limitation is a key point in the cognitive-behavioral perspective, which emphasizes the interplay between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the specific limitation of failing to account for mental processes in the behavioral perspective.

2. In an experiment, the investigators manipulate variables to learn how one affects another.?

• A. A data-collection method in which participants respond to questions
• B. The entire group that is of interest to a researcher
• C. A detailed description of a single culture or context
• D. A study that tests a causal hypothesis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because in an experimental design, investigators manipulate variables to determine the effect of one on another. This process allows researchers to test causal hypotheses by manipulating one variable while keeping others constant. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly relate to manipulating variables in an experiment.

3. What research method involves researchers using interviews and/or questionnaires to collect data about attitudes, interests, values, and various kinds of behaviors?

• A. Case study
• B. Survey
• C. Naturalistic observation
• D. Correlational study

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Survey. A survey is a research method where data is collected through interviews or questionnaires about various behaviors and attitudes. In a case study (choice A), researchers closely examine a particular individual or group. Naturalistic observation (choice C) involves observing subjects in their natural environment. Correlational study (choice D) examines the relationship between two variables but does not involve collecting data through interviews or questionnaires.

4. Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain?

• A. If all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
• B. By observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
• C. If we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
• D. If we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The functionalist perspective, as used by Dr. Lee, focuses on understanding the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. This perspective suggests that to fully comprehend pain perception, one must first grasp the significance of pain in terms of its adaptive functions and impact on behavior. Choices A, B, and D do not align with the functionalist perspective, as they do not emphasize the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.

5. Infant characteristics ________.

• A. do not affect parental behavior.
• B. only affect parental behavior when psychopathology is present.
• C. are not influenced by biological factors.
• D. can influence the quality of attachment relationships.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Infant characteristics can indeed influence the quality of attachment relationships. Parents often respond to their infants based on their characteristics, temperament, and needs. This interaction shapes the attachment bond between the parent and the child. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because infant characteristics do have an impact on parental behavior and are influenced by various factors, including biological ones.

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