ATI RN
Psychology 101 Final Exam
1. The process of ________ is used to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
- A. operant conditioning
- B. reinforcement
- C. classical conditioning
- D. punishment
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is reinforcement. Reinforcement involves providing a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Operant conditioning (Choice A) refers to learning through consequences for behavior, which includes reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning (Choice C) involves forming associations between stimuli and involuntary responses. Punishment (Choice D) involves providing a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this context, the question specifically asks about a process that increases the probability of a behavior occurring, aligning with the concept of reinforcement.
2. How do socioeconomic factors influence mental health?
- A. Socioeconomic factors have no impact on mental health.
- B. Socioeconomic factors are the primary determinants of mental health.
- C. Socioeconomic factors are irrelevant to mental health.
- D. Socioeconomic factors can exacerbate but not cause mental health issues.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Socioeconomic factors are indeed primary determinants of mental health. These factors influence mental health by impacting access to resources, stress levels, and overall well-being. Choice A is incorrect as socioeconomic factors do have a significant impact on mental health. Choice C is incorrect as socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in mental health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect as socioeconomic factors can both exacerbate and cause mental health issues.
3. The ______________ perspective in psychology takes into account biological, sociological, and psychological factors associated with a person's behaviors.
- A. Behavioral
- B. Cognitive-behavioral
- C. Psychodynamic
- D. Biopsychosocial
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The biopsychosocial perspective is the correct answer as it considers biological, sociological, and psychological factors associated with a person's behaviors. This perspective emphasizes the interconnection between these factors in understanding human behavior. Choice A, Behavioral perspective, focuses primarily on observable behaviors and how they are influenced by the environment. Choice B, Cognitive-behavioral perspective, combines elements of cognitive and behavioral theories to understand behavior but does not encompass sociological factors. Choice C, Psychodynamic perspective, emphasizes unconscious processes and early childhood experiences as determinants of behavior, neglecting the sociological aspect.
4. Cortisol is a hormone that ________
- A. is released by the hypothalamus and travels to the pituitary gland, causing it to respond.
- B. the pituitary gland releases to stimulate the adrenal gland.
- C. the adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress.
- D. reduces the reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that mobilizes the body to deal with stress. It helps regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and assist in memory formulation. Choice A is incorrect as cortisol is not released by the hypothalamus and does not travel to the pituitary gland. Choice B is incorrect as cortisol is not released by the pituitary gland but acts on it to regulate hormone production. Choice D is incorrect as cortisol does not reduce the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters.
5. What is the significance of the diathesis-stress model in understanding mental disorders?
- A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone causes mental disorders.
- B. The diathesis-stress model suggests that both genetic predisposition and environmental stress are necessary for the development of mental disorders.
- C. The diathesis-stress model is outdated and irrelevant.
- D. The diathesis-stress model focuses only on environmental factors.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The diathesis-stress model suggests that both genetic predisposition and environmental stress are necessary for the development of mental disorders, highlighting the interaction between nature and nurture. Choice A is incorrect because the model emphasizes the combined influence of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect as the diathesis-stress model remains a valuable framework in understanding mental health. Choice D is incorrect because the model considers both genetic and environmental factors, not solely environmental factors.
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