ATI RN
Exam 4 Psychology
1. How does psychoanalytic theory attempt to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders?
- A. Studying observable behavior.
- B. Analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements.
- C. Focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
- D. Studying the function or purpose of consciousness.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the unconscious determinants of behavior to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders. This approach suggests that hidden forces in the unconscious mind influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, shaping our overall psychological makeup. Choice A is incorrect because psychoanalytic theory delves beyond observable behavior. Choice B is incorrect as psychoanalytic theory goes deeper than analyzing conscious experience alone. Choice D is incorrect as psychoanalytic theory is more concerned with unconscious processes rather than the function or purpose of consciousness.
2. With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?
- A. Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
- B. In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
- C. Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation of experience.
- D. Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Behaviorists argue that psychology should focus on observable behavior that can be studied objectively. Choice A is incorrect because behaviorists do not typically focus on conscious experiences, as they are not directly observable. Choice B is incorrect because behaviorists emphasize that behavior can be understood without delving into internal motives. Choice C is incorrect as behaviorists do not exclusively explain behavior through an individual's interpretation of experience; they focus on observable actions and reactions.
3. What is the term for the age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle?
- A. Mental age
- B. Chronological age
- C. Functional age
- D. Gestational age
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Gestational age. Gestational age is calculated from the first day of the expectant mother's last menstrual cycle, providing an estimate of how far along the pregnancy is. Mental age (choice A), refers to an individual's level of cognitive functioning in relation to others of the same age group. Chronological age (choice B) is a person's actual age in years. Functional age (choice C) refers to how well a person is able to perform various activities compared to their chronological age.
4. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called?
- A. Behavior modification.
- B. Primal therapy.
- C. Psychoanalysis.
- D. Rational-emotive therapy.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, not behavior modification, primal therapy, or rational-emotive therapy, as an innovative method for treating psychological problems. Psychoanalysis focuses on exploring unconscious motivations to understand and address psychological disorders, making it the correct answer. Behavior modification involves changing behavior through conditioning techniques, primal therapy emphasizes expressing repressed emotions, and rational-emotive therapy aims to identify and change irrational beliefs.
5. The baby coos and the mom smiles, so the baby coos again to get mom to smile again. Piaget would say that this action is an example of?
- A. Reflexes
- B. Primary circular reactions
- C. Secondary circular reactions
- D. Tertiary circular reactions
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secondary circular reactions. Secondary circular reactions are repeated actions that infants engage in to trigger a response from the environment, such as the baby cooing to make the mom smile. This behavior is characterized by a focus on the external environment and the repetition of actions to achieve a desired response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Reflexes (choice A) are automatic, involuntary responses to a stimulus, while primary circular reactions (choice B) involve the repetition of actions primarily for the infant's own enjoyment rather than to elicit a response from the environment. Tertiary circular reactions (choice D) refer to the experimentation with new behaviors and variations in the way the infant interacts with the environment.
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