ATI RN
ATI Anatomy and Physiology
1. Which part of the nephron is closest to the collecting duct?
- A. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- B. Bowman's Capsule
- C. Afferent Arteriole
- D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The DCT is the part of the nephron closest to the collecting duct, where the final adjustments to electrolyte and fluid balance are made. Bowman's Capsule is located at the beginning of the nephron, where filtration of blood occurs. The Afferent Arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus for filtration. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is situated after the Bowman's Capsule and is not the part closest to the collecting duct.
2. Which of the following ions is most abundant in extracellular fluid?
- A. Calcium
- B. Chloride
- C. Sodium
- D. Potassium
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Sodium is the most abundant ion in extracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Calcium (Choice A) is mainly found in bones and teeth, Chloride (Choice B) is the major anion in extracellular fluid but not the most abundant ion, and Potassium (Choice D) is found predominantly inside cells.
3. What is the function of the gallbladder?
- A. Filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs
- B. Make enzymes
- C. Store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps with fat digestion
- D. Helps to further digest food
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps with fat digestion. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and releases it to aid in the digestion of fats. Choice A is incorrect as the liver, not the gallbladder, filters blood and detoxifies harmful substances. Choice B is incorrect because the production of enzymes primarily occurs in the pancreas, not the gallbladder. Choice D is incorrect as the gallbladder's main role is not to further digest food but to store and release bile.
4. Which of the following is a role of platelets in hemostasis?
- A. formation of plugs
- B. promotion of vasodilation
- C. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- D. activation of calcium
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming plugs to stop bleeding. Choice B is incorrect because platelets do not promote vasodilation; instead, they help in vasoconstriction. Choice C is incorrect as the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is a function of the coagulation cascade involving various clotting factors, not platelets. Choice D is incorrect as platelets do not directly activate calcium; instead, they play a role in the activation of other clotting factors.
5. What is the maximum capacity of a normal adult bladder before involuntary micturition is likely to occur?
- A. 800-900ml
- B. 300-600ml
- C. 1000-2000ml
- D. 400-700ml
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 300-600ml. A normal adult bladder can hold approximately 300-600ml of urine before the urge to urinate becomes strong and involuntary micturition is likely to occur. Choice A (800-900ml), Choice C (1000-2000ml), and Choice D (400-700ml) all exceed the typical capacity of a normal adult bladder and would generally not be accurate in the context of involuntary micturition.
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