ATI RN
Psychological Exam
1. When interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper, the faculty member states, 'Internal states undoubtedly exist, but it is not necessary to draw inferences about unobservable states in order to understand behavior.' This faculty member's views are most similar to the views held by?
- A. William James.
- B. F. Skinner.
- C. Sigmund Freud.
- D. Carl Rogers.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: F. Skinner's views emphasized the importance of observable behavior and dismissed the need to infer unobservable mental states. This aligns with the faculty member's statement that internal states exist but are not essential for understanding behavior. William James, known for his work in functionalism, did consider internal mental states important. Sigmund Freud focused on unconscious motives and internal conflicts. Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of subjective experiences and personal growth, which differs from the faculty member's perspective.
2. In the Philippines, the existing laws only allow for 7 days of paternity leave. Consequently, fathers get to spend less time with their newborn baby. Which context in Bronfenbrenner's theory does this fall under?
- A. Microsystem
- B. Macrosystem
- C. Mesosystem
- D. Exosystem
Correct answer: D
Rationale: This situation falls under the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The exosystem comprises broader social systems that indirectly influence individuals' lives, such as laws governing parental leave. The limited paternity leave directly impacts fathers' ability to spend time with their newborns but is determined by external factors like societal policies, making it an exosystem influence. Choices A, B, and C do not fit this scenario as they refer to more immediate social environments or broader cultural norms that do not directly determine parental leave policies.
3. Which of the following is an appropriate description of a child with conduct disorder?
- A. They may argue repeatedly with adults, ignore adult rules and requests, deliberately annoy other people, and feel much anger and resentment
- B. They have great difficulty attending to tasks, or behave overactively and impulsively, or both
- C. Marked by extreme unresponsiveness to other people, severe communication deficits, and highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities
- D. They are often aggressive, deliberately destroy other people's property, steal or lie, skip school, or run away from home
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Children with conduct disorder often exhibit behaviors such as arguing with adults, ignoring rules, deliberately annoying others, and displaying anger and resentment. Choice B describes symptoms more characteristic of ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). Choice C describes symptoms commonly seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Choice D outlines behaviors associated with oppositional defiant disorder rather than conduct disorder.
4. Which theoretical orientation insisted on the verifiability of observation?
- A. Structuralism.
- B. Functionalism.
- C. Behaviorism.
- D. Psychoanalysis.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Behaviorism. Behaviorism emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors, making it essential for observations to be verifiable. Structuralism (A) focuses on the structure of the mind, not verifiability of observations. Functionalism (B) emphasizes the functions of the mind rather than verification of observations. Psychoanalysis (D) delves into the unconscious mind and conflicts, not specifically on the verifiability of observations.
5. You are taking part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why you answered the way you did?
- A. Random responding
- B. Faking bad
- C. Placebo effect
- D. Social desirability
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, social desirability. Social desirability bias occurs when respondents answer questions in a way they think will be viewed favorably by others, rather than according to their true beliefs. In this scenario, the respondent may feel pressured to provide an answer that aligns with societal norms or expectations, even if it contradicts their personal beliefs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Random responding refers to answering survey questions haphazardly, without consideration. Faking bad is intentionally providing extreme or negative responses. The placebo effect is a phenomenon where a person's belief in a treatment's effectiveness produces a positive outcome, unrelated to the treatment's actual effects.
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