Nursing Elites

1. Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences are described as?

• A. Secure
• B. Avoidant
• C. Ambivalent
• D. Disorganized

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Ambivalent.' Children with an ambivalent temperament are indeed generally mild but hesitant about accepting new experiences. This temperament is characterized by a combination of mildness and hesitance. Choice A, 'Secure,' refers to children who are comfortable with both their caregiver's presence and absence, showing a secure attachment style. Choice B, 'Avoidant,' describes children who tend to avoid or ignore their caregiver, displaying an insecure attachment style. Choice D, 'Disorganized,' represents children with inconsistent or confused behaviors towards their caregiver, exhibiting an insecure and disoriented attachment style.

2. Etiology refers to ________

• A. a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior.
• B. the causal pattern of a disorder.
• C. a predisposition toward developing a disorder.
• D. a condition that makes it less likely a person will experience the negative consequences of stress.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Etiology refers to the causal pattern of a disorder, explaining the factors contributing to the development of a specific condition. Choice A is incorrect as it describes a condition that maintains maladaptive behavior, which is not the definition of etiology. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a predisposition, which is more related to risk factors rather than the cause itself. Choice D is incorrect as it discusses a condition that reduces the negative consequences of stress, which is not directly related to the cause of a disorder.

3. What are psychology's intellectual parents?

• A. Physics and physiology.
• B. Philosophy and physiology.
• C. Chemistry and physics.
• D. Philosophy and chemistry.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Psychology's intellectual parents are philosophy and physiology. Philosophy contributed to the early development of psychology by exploring questions about the mind and behavior, while physiology provided a scientific foundation for understanding the biological aspects of human psychology. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the disciplines that significantly influenced the emergence of psychology as a distinct field of study.

4. Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

• A. A child pointed to his father's shoe and said 'daddy,' as if to convey 'daddy's shoe.'
• B. A thirsty toddler said, 'mama water.'
• C. A newborn infant asked, 'Can I have some coffee?'
• D. A baby communicated to her parents using her brain.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Telegraphic speech is when a child uses a two-word phrase to convey a larger meaning, such as 'mama water.' Choice A is incorrect as it does not demonstrate telegraphic speech but rather a simple labeling. Choice C is incorrect as it is a complete sentence and not a two-word phrase. Choice D is also incorrect as it does not describe telegraphic speech but rather a vague statement about communication.

5. If a pair of monozygotic twins raised in the same environment end up being different from one another (e.g., interests, hobbies, etc.), it is highly likely due to:

• A. Cephalocaudal pattern
• B. Proximodistal pattern
• C. Cephamodistal pattern
• D. Gene-environment correlation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximodistal pattern. Differences between monozygotic twins raised in the same environment are likely due to non-shared environmental influences, which lead to differences in interests, hobbies, and other individual characteristics. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Cephalocaudal pattern refers to the principle of development from head to toe, not relevant in explaining differences between twins. Cephamodistal pattern is not a recognized developmental term. Gene-environment correlation does not directly explain the differences between identical twins raised in the same environment.

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