ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam Answers
1. Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.
- A. practice effects
- B. participant dropout
- C. sequential timing
- D. cohort effects
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Cross-sectional studies can be threatened by cohort effects because different age groups may have experienced different historical or social contexts, influencing the results. This disparity can lead to invalid comparisons between age groups, confounding the study's findings. Option A, practice effects, refer to changes in participants' behavior due to repeated testing, not a specific threat to cross-sectional studies. Participant dropout (Option B) is a threat related to attrition in longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional studies. Sequential timing (Option C) does not pose a threat to cross-sectional studies; instead, it refers to the order of tasks in a study design.
2. Evolutionary developmental psychology __________.
- A. focuses on how the structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world
- B. seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age
- C. views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
- D. brings together researchers from many fields to study changes in the brain and behavior patterns
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Evolutionary developmental psychology seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age. This field focuses on how psychological traits and behaviors have evolved to enhance survival and reproduction over time. It emphasizes the interaction between evolutionary principles and developmental processes to provide insights into human behavior and cognition. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the primary focus of evolutionary developmental psychology. Choice A is more aligned with cognitive psychology, choice C relates to cognitive science, and choice D could pertain to multidisciplinary approaches but not specifically to evolutionary developmental psychology.
3. What did Ivan Pavlov discover?
- A. observational learning
- B. classical conditioning
- C. the ego's positive contributions to development
- D. the clinical method
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. This is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell, demonstrated this principle. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Pavlov's work primarily focused on classical conditioning, not observational learning, ego contributions to development, or the clinical method.
4. During prenatal development, the ectoderm becomes the __________.
- A. muscles and skeleton
- B. nervous system and skin
- C. circulatory system and other internal organs
- D. digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: nervous system and skin. The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as the skin, develop from the ectoderm layer of cells during prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect because muscles and skeleton develop from mesoderm. Choice C is incorrect because the circulatory system and other internal organs develop from mesoderm and endoderm. Choice D is incorrect because the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands develop from endoderm.
5. The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy, the __________.
- A. higher the birth weight of the child
- B. greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS
- C. poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years
- D. greater the child's speed of information processing
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years.' Prenatal exposure to alcohol has been linked to a range of cognitive and behavioral difficulties, including lower academic achievement in children. These difficulties may manifest as poor achievement scores in later school years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because alcohol consumption during pregnancy is not associated with higher birth weight of the child, the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS, or greater speed of information processing in the child.
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