Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best describes a securely attached child in Japanese culture?

• A. A child who is dependent, emotionally restrained, and can express his feelings only in an indirect manner.
• B. A child who is independent, emotionally expressive, and can communicate well.
• C. A child who is dependent, emotionally labile, and can express his feelings only in an aggressive manner.
• D. A child who is independent, emotionally restrained, and can communicate well.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In Japanese culture, a securely attached child is described as dependent and emotionally restrained. This means that the child relies on their caregiver for support and is able to control their emotions, expressing their feelings in a more subtle and indirect manner. Choice B is incorrect as it describes independence, which is not characteristic of a securely attached child in Japanese culture. Choice C is also incorrect as it describes emotional lability and expressing feelings aggressively, which are not typical of securely attached children. Choice D is incorrect as it combines independence with emotional restraint, which does not align with the characteristics of a securely attached child in Japanese culture.

2. Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are most consistent with?

• A. The behaviorist approach to psychology.
• B. The functionalist approach to psychology.
• C. The structuralist approach to psychology.
• D. The psychoanalytic approach to psychology.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dr. Smythe's belief that understanding the purpose of taste in survival is more critical than focusing on the elementary components aligns with the functionalist approach to psychology. Functionalism emphasizes understanding the purpose or function of mental processes and behavior, rather than just analyzing their individual components. This approach looks at how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment and survive. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not prioritize understanding the purpose of mental processes and behavior in the context of survival.

3. Deferred imitation of a caregiver's behavior shows that toddlers have the capacity to form?

• A. Short-term memory
• B. Working memory
• C. Core memories
• D. Long-term memory

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Deferred imitation refers to the ability of toddlers to observe and replicate behaviors after a period of time, indicating the formation of long-term memories. This process involves storing information for an extended period and recalling it at a later time. This capacity is not attributed to short-term memory (choice A), which is more temporary in nature and has limited storage capacity. Working memory (choice B) involves the temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks, not necessarily the long-term retention of behaviors. Core memories (choice C) are typically associated with emotional or significant events rather than the replication of observed behaviors. Therefore, the correct answer is choice D, as deferred imitation demonstrates toddlers' capability to form long-term memories by replicating behaviors observed earlier.

4. Which of the following groups of psychologists would be most likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?

• A. Behaviorists
• B. Psychoanalysts
• C. Humanists
• D. Gestalt psychologists

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Humanists. Humanistic psychologists emphasize individual uniqueness, freedom, and the potential for personal growth. They believe in the importance of personal experiences and self-actualization. Behaviorists (choice A) focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences. Psychoanalysts (choice B) are more concerned with unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Gestalt psychologists (choice D) concentrate on perception and the organization of experience, rather than individual uniqueness and personal growth.

5. Dr. Kali works with clients to help them learn deep relaxation. Next, he has them list their fears from least to most anxiety-provoking. Finally, Dr. Kali slowly exposes his clients to each of their fears and assists them in gaining control of their anxiety. His approach is best known as?

• A. Systematic desensitization
• B. Aversion therapy
• C. Flooding
• D. Fear therapy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, systematic desensitization. This therapy involves a step-by-step exposure to feared stimuli, helping individuals manage and reduce their anxiety. In this case, Dr. Kali's method of listing fears from least to most anxiety-provoking and gradually exposing clients to them aligns with the principles of systematic desensitization. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Aversion therapy involves associating an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus, flooding involves immediate and intense exposure to feared stimuli, and 'fear therapy' is a broad term that does not specifically describe the systematic exposure and relaxation techniques used in systematic desensitization.

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