Nursing Elites

1. Which parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcome?

• A. Authoritarian
• B. Permissive/indulgent
• C. Authoritative
• D. Neglectful/uninvolved

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The authoritative parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children's needs while also setting clear expectations and boundaries. This balance fosters a supportive environment that allows children to develop autonomy, self-confidence, and social skills. Authoritarian parenting (choice A) is characterized by strict rules and harsh discipline, leading to less favorable outcomes. Permissive/indulgent parenting (choice B) involves being lenient and overly responsive, which can result in children lacking self-discipline. Neglectful/uninvolved parenting (choice D) is marked by a lack of responsiveness and involvement, resulting in negative developmental outcomes.

2. What role does genetic predisposition play in the development of mental disorders?

• A. Genetic predisposition guarantees the development of mental disorders.
• B. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role but is not the only factor in developing mental disorders.
• C. Genetic predisposition is irrelevant in mental health.
• D. Genetic predisposition can be completely overridden by environmental factors.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of mental disorders, interacting with environmental factors. While genetics can predispose individuals to certain mental disorders, it is not a guarantee that the disorders will develop. Environmental factors, such as lifestyle, upbringing, and traumatic experiences, also play a crucial role in the manifestation of mental health conditions. Choice C is incorrect as genetic predisposition does have relevance in mental health. Choice D is incorrect as genetic predisposition and environmental factors both contribute to the development of mental disorders, neither completely overriding the other.

3. Which perspective or viewpoint focuses on intrapsychic conflicts as the cause of psychopathology?

• A. Biological
• B. Behavioral
• C. Psychodynamic
• D. Sociocultural

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Psychodynamic. The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes the role of intrapsychic conflicts, often related to unconscious processes, in the development of psychopathology. This perspective, founded by Sigmund Freud, suggests that unresolved conflicts from early childhood experiences can manifest as mental health issues. Choice A, Biological, focuses on the physiological aspects of psychopathology, such as genetics and neurobiology. Choice B, Behavioral, looks at how behavior is learned and reinforced. Choice D, Sociocultural, considers the influence of social and cultural factors on mental health.

4. What does the diathesis-stress model entail?

• A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone is sufficient to cause a mental disorder.
• B. The diathesis-stress model involves a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors.
• C. The diathesis-stress model suggests that genetic factors alone cause mental disorders.
• D. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stressors in the environment do not affect the onset of mental disorders.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model proposes that mental disorders develop from a combination of genetic vulnerability (the diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because it states that stress alone can cause mental disorders, which is not in line with the model. Choice C is incorrect as it simplifies the model to genetic factors alone causing mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that environmental stressors do not play a role in the onset of mental disorders, which contradicts the essence of the diathesis-stress model.

5. Scientific research has demonstrated that the ________ parenting style is most likely to lead to healthy psychological development in children.

• A. authoritative
• B. authoritarian
• C. permissive
• D. neglectful/uninvolved

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, authoritative. Authoritative parenting combines warmth and nurturing with reasonable limits and consistent discipline. This style promotes independence, self-regulation, and social competence in children, leading to healthy psychological development. Choice B, authoritarian parenting, is characterized by strict rules and harsh punishment without much warmth, which can lead to anxiety and lower self-esteem in children. Choice C, permissive parenting, involves few demands and little control, resulting in children lacking self-discipline and social skills. Choice D, neglectful/uninvolved parenting, is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child's emotional needs and can lead to various negative outcomes such as poor self-esteem and emotional issues.

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