Nursing Elites

1. Each statement is true regarding oral exposure to fermentable carbohydrates, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Longer exposure leads to an increased risk of demineralization
• B. Longer exposure increases the opportunity for remineralization
• C. The Stephan curve illustrates pH changes within plaque after rinsing with a sugar solution
• D. The critical pH at which enamel decalcification occurs is 5.5 or less

Correct answer: B

Rationale: All the statements above are accurate about oral exposure to fermentable carbohydrates, except for option B. In fact, longer exposure to these carbohydrates decreases the opportunity for remineralization. This is because the process of demineralization, in which minerals are lost from the tooth enamel, is sped up by the presence of fermentable carbohydrates. The Stephan curve (option C) is a graph that demonstrates how the pH of dental plaque changes after a sugar rinse, usually dropping (becoming more acidic), which can lead to enamel decalcification. Option D is also accurate, as a pH of 5.5 or lower is the critical point at which enamel starts to decalcify.

2. A client at risk for iron-deficiency anemia is being taught by a nurse about optimizing dietary intake of iron. The nurse should explain that which of the following sources of iron is easiest for the body to absorb?

• A. Spinach
• B. Cantaloupe
• C. Chicken
• D. Lentils

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Chicken.' Chicken contains heme iron, which is more easily absorbed by the body compared to non-heme iron found in plant-based sources like spinach, cantaloupe, and lentils. Heme iron, as present in chicken, is more bioavailable and is better absorbed by the body, making it an excellent source of iron for individuals at risk of iron-deficiency anemia. Spinach, cantaloupe, and lentils contain non-heme iron, which is not as efficiently absorbed as heme iron.

3. When observing a return demonstration of a colostomy irrigation, you know that more teaching is required if pt:

• A. Lubricates the tip of the catheter prior to inserting into the stoma
• B. Hangs the irrigating bag on the bathroom door cloth hook during fluid insertion
• C. Discontinues the insertion of fluid after only 500 ml of fluid has been instilled
• D. Clamps of the flow of fluid when felling uncomfortable

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Effective nursing care involves comprehensive assessments that address all aspects of a patient's condition, ensuring that interventions are appropriately targeted and outcomes are optimized.

4. Each is a characteristic manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Gingival erythema
• B. Necrosis of interdental papilla
• C. Marasmus
• D. Metallic taste and foul odor

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Marasmus. Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition and is not a direct manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG). Choices A, B, and D are all characteristic manifestations of NUG. Gingival erythema, necrosis of interdental papilla, and metallic taste with foul odor are commonly associated with NUG due to the inflammatory and necrotic nature of the condition.

5. Which nutrient is most important for the prevention of osteoporosis?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Iron
• C. Calcium
• D. Protein

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Calcium is the most important nutrient for bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis. Calcium plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density and strength. Vitamin A is important for vision and immune function but is not directly related to bone health. Iron is essential for oxygen transport in the blood, while protein is important for muscle growth and repair. However, in the context of preventing osteoporosis, calcium is the key nutrient.

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