Nursing Elites

1. Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. structured observation
• C. ethnography
• D. the clinical method

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The clinical method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory. This method involves in-depth, one-on-one interviews or therapy sessions to explore an individual's unconscious thoughts and emotions. It aims to gain insight into the underlying causes of behavior and psychological issues, aligning with the foundational principles of psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud. Choices A, B, and C are not directly associated with psychoanalytic theory. Naturalistic observation, structured observation, and ethnography focus on observing behavior in natural settings, systematic observation in controlled environments, and studying cultures and societies, respectively, which are not specific to the psychoanalytic approach.

2. According to the lifespan perspective, _______ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

• A. the prenatal period
• B. early childhood
• C. adolescence
• D. no age period

Correct answer: D

Rationale: According to the lifespan perspective, no single period is considered supreme in its impact on the life course. Each stage of life, from prenatal period through adulthood, plays a significant role in shaping an individual's development. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D: no age period.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the lifespan perspective emphasizes that all stages are important and contribute uniquely to an individual's life course.

3. According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, what do babies do?

• A. are blank slates
• B. impose meaning on what they perceive
• C. actively search for discontinuous stimuli
• D. seek variant features in the environment

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, babies impose meaning on what they perceive. This means that babies actively interpret and make sense of the stimuli they encounter. Choice A is incorrect because babies are not seen as blank slates in this context; they actively engage with their environment. Choice C is incorrect as babies do not necessarily search for discontinuous stimuli, but rather interpret what they perceive. Choice D is incorrect as seeking variant features in the environment is not a core concept of the cognitive perspective of perceptual development.

4. Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

• A. behavior modification
• B. punishment
• C. cognition
• D. reinforcement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of cognition. Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning and behavior, including the influence of observation, modeling, and mental representations. This theory highlights how individuals learn through observation and imitation of others, as well as their own thought processes and beliefs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while behavior modification, punishment, and reinforcement are aspects related to learning theories, they are not the primary focus of Bandura's theory, which revolves around cognition and social learning.

5. Which statement about the newborn baby's appearance is true?

• A. Girls tend to be slightly longer and heavier than boys.
• B. Their round faces and big eyes make adults feel like picking them up.
• C. The trunk is large in comparison to the head, and the legs are straight.
• D. On average, they are 18 inches long and 5½ pounds in weight.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct statement about the newborn baby's appearance is that the trunk is large in comparison to the head, and the legs are straight. This is a common characteristic of newborn babies as their proportions are different from adults. Choice A is incorrect as there is no consistent trend of girls being longer and heavier than boys at birth. Choice B is incorrect as the perception of adults wanting to pick up babies is subjective and not a universal truth. Choice D is incorrect as the average length and weight provided may not apply to all newborn babies, as there can be variations.

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