Nursing Elites

1. Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. structured observation
• C. ethnography
• D. the clinical method

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The clinical method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory. This method involves in-depth, one-on-one interviews or therapy sessions to explore an individual's unconscious thoughts and emotions. It aims to gain insight into the underlying causes of behavior and psychological issues, aligning with the foundational principles of psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud. Choices A, B, and C are not directly associated with psychoanalytic theory. Naturalistic observation, structured observation, and ethnography focus on observing behavior in natural settings, systematic observation in controlled environments, and studying cultures and societies, respectively, which are not specific to the psychoanalytic approach.

2. Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents view __________ as the surest way to improve life chances.

• A. learning English
• B. education
• C. close ties to an ethnic community
• D. moving into an urban area

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents prioritize education as the surest way to improve life chances for their children. While learning English is important for integration, education is considered the key for better opportunities and success in the long term. Close ties to an ethnic community can provide support but may not directly lead to improved life chances. Moving into an urban area is not highlighted in the context of immigrant parents' views on improving life chances through their children's development.

3. Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

• A. psychoanalytic
• B. information-processing
• C. psychosocial
• D. social learning Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lillian, who uses flowcharts to map precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks, is likely an information-processing theorist. Information-processing theorists focus on how people take in, store, and retrieve information to solve problems and make decisions, which aligns with Lillian's use of flowcharts to map out problem-solving steps.

4. Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause __________.

• A. spina bifida
• B. anencephaly
• C. cerebral palsy
• D. muscular dystrophy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, often due to a lack of oxygen during labor and delivery. Spina bifida (Choice A) is a neural tube defect that occurs during embryonic development and is not directly caused by anoxia during labor. Anencephaly (Choice B) is a severe neural tube defect where the baby is born without parts of the brain and skull, not typically caused by anoxia during labor. Muscular dystrophy (Choice D) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and is not directly related to anoxia during labor and delivery.

5. In a cross-sectional design, researchers study __________.

• A. the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages
• B. groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time
• C. groups of participants of the same age in different years
• D. participants of the same age at the same point in time

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a cross-sectional design, researchers study groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. This design allows researchers to compare different age groups simultaneously, providing valuable insight into age-related differences without the need to track the same group over time. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a longitudinal design where the same group is followed over time. Choice C is incorrect as it involves different groups of the same age studied at different times. Choice D is incorrect as it does not capture the essence of a cross-sectional design, which involves studying groups of different ages at the same point in time.

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