Nursing Elites

1. Which perspective or viewpoint focuses on intrapsychic conflicts as the cause of psychopathology?

• A. Biological
• B. Behavioral
• C. Psychodynamic
• D. Sociocultural

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Psychodynamic. The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes the role of intrapsychic conflicts, often related to unconscious processes, in the development of psychopathology. This perspective, founded by Sigmund Freud, suggests that unresolved conflicts from early childhood experiences can manifest as mental health issues. Choice A, Biological, focuses on the physiological aspects of psychopathology, such as genetics and neurobiology. Choice B, Behavioral, looks at how behavior is learned and reinforced. Choice D, Sociocultural, considers the influence of social and cultural factors on mental health.

2. What would a humanist most likely say about Manny's passivity?

• A. Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
• B. Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
• C. Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice assertive behaviors.
• D. Manny should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Humanists believe in the inherent goodness and potential of individuals. They would most likely say that Manny can become more assertive by improving his self-esteem and recognizing his abilities. Choice A is incorrect because humanists focus on self-actualization rather than deep-seated feelings of inferiority. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the issue by suggesting a training class can solve the problem without addressing underlying beliefs. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests a psychoanalytic approach, while humanists usually emphasize personal growth and self-improvement.

3. Genes ________.

• A. determine how a person will behave.
• B. cause people to develop mental disorders.
• C. determine what characteristics a person will have.
• D. determine the range of characteristics a person has.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Genes determine the range of characteristics a person has. This is the correct answer because genes contribute to a variety of traits and characteristics a person may have, influencing physical attributes, predispositions to certain conditions, and more. Choice A is incorrect because behavior is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Choice B is incorrect because mental disorders are complex conditions influenced by various factors beyond just genes. Choice C is incorrect because genes do not solely determine all characteristics a person will have, as environmental factors also play a significant role.

4. Unlike other types of anxiety disorders, this one is not triggered by anything specific, hence the name free-floating anxiety.

• A. Social anxiety disorder
• B. Generalized anxiety disorder
• C. Panic disorder
• D. Specific phobia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry or anxiety that is not triggered by specific situations or objects, hence the term 'free-floating anxiety.' Social anxiety disorder (A) is characterized by fear and anxiety about social situations, panic disorder (C) involves recurrent unexpected panic attacks, and specific phobia (D) is an intense fear of a specific object or situation. Therefore, B is the most appropriate choice in the context of anxiety not being triggered by specific stimuli.

5. When the parent returned in the strange situation experiment, babies with ____ attachment tend to remain upset for long periods of time, kicking, screaming, refusing to be distracted with toys, and sometimes arching back and away from contact?

• A. Secure
• B. Avoidant
• C. Ambivalent
• D. Disorganized

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In the strange situation experiment, babies with ambivalent attachment display distress and have difficulty calming down when a parent returns. They may kick, scream, refuse toys, and show signs of physical discomfort or resistance. This behavior is characteristic of ambivalent attachment, where the infant shows mixed emotions and finds it hard to be soothed by the returning parent. Secure attachment (Choice A) refers to babies who seek comfort from the parent but can be soothed upon return. Avoidant attachment (Choice B) involves babies showing little emotion upon reunion with the parent. Disorganized attachment (Choice D) displays inconsistent or confused behaviors in the strange situation experiment.

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