Nursing Elites

1. Where is the site of chemical communication in the brain?

• A. Neuron
• B. Synapse
• C. Axon
• D. Dendrite

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Synapse. The synapse is the site where chemical communication occurs between neurons. Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron, cross the synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron. Choice A, Neuron, is incorrect as it refers to the entire nerve cell. Choices C and D, Axon and Dendrite, are also incorrect as they are specific parts of a neuron and not the primary site of chemical communication.

2. Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?

• A. Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely.
• B. The findings have been too inconsistent to draw any conclusions.
• C. While the effects of divorce are negative on children, the effects on the spouses are generally positive.
• D. Due to modern acceptance of divorce, there has been an ongoing decrease in the negative effects of divorce.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it highlights a crucial factor that makes it challenging to establish a clear cause and effect relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may influence both the likelihood of divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Choice B is incorrect as it generalizes the findings without specifying the key issue of preexisting conditions. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the effects of divorce on family members. Choice D is incorrect as it presents a broad statement without addressing the complexities involved in determining the effects of divorce.

3. John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized ________.

• A. the social environment in forming attachments.
• B. the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
• C. the quality of early reinforcers and stimulation in forming attachments.
• D. the necessity of independence from parental figures in forming attachments.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized the quality of parental care in forming attachments. This is because Bowlby believed that a child's early experiences with their primary caregiver, especially the quality of care and responsiveness received, significantly influence the child's ability to form secure attachments. Choice A is incorrect because while the social environment plays a role, Bowlby's theory focused more on the caregiver-child relationship. Choice C is incorrect as it does not capture the central role of parental care highlighted in Bowlby's theory. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's theory actually emphasized the importance of a secure attachment to parental figures for healthy emotional development.

4. Dr. Kali works with clients to help them learn deep relaxation. Next, he has them list their fears from least to most anxiety-provoking. Finally, Dr. Kali slowly exposes his clients to each of their fears and assists them in gaining control of their anxiety. His approach is best known as?

• A. Systematic desensitization
• B. Aversion therapy
• C. Flooding
• D. Fear therapy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, systematic desensitization. This therapy involves a step-by-step exposure to feared stimuli, helping individuals manage and reduce their anxiety. In this case, Dr. Kali's method of listing fears from least to most anxiety-provoking and gradually exposing clients to them aligns with the principles of systematic desensitization. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Aversion therapy involves associating an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus, flooding involves immediate and intense exposure to feared stimuli, and 'fear therapy' is a broad term that does not specifically describe the systematic exposure and relaxation techniques used in systematic desensitization.

5. Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of?

• A. Structuralism.
• B. Functionalism.
• C. Behaviorism.
• D. Humanism.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Structuralism. Structuralism involves introspection, where individuals report their thoughts and feelings while engaging with stimuli. In this scenario, Isabel is recording her feelings and impressions while listening to music, which aligns with the introspective nature of structuralism. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because functionalism focuses on the purpose of behaviors, behaviorism emphasizes observable behaviors and environmental influences, and humanism highlights individual growth and personal experiences rather than introspection.

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