Nursing Elites

1. What is the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology?

• A. The idea that stress is the primary cause of psychopathology.
• B. A model that focuses solely on genetic predispositions.
• C. A theory that involves only environmental factors in the development of disorders.
• D. A person must have both a vulnerability for a disorder and exposure to stressors to develop the disorder.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model of psychopathology posits that individuals must have a vulnerability or predisposition to a disorder (diathesis) and be exposed to stressful environmental factors for the disorder to manifest. This model emphasizes the interaction between genetic or biological vulnerabilities (diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because the model does not suggest that stress is the sole cause of psychopathology. Choice B is incorrect as the model considers both genetic predispositions and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect because the diathesis-stress model acknowledges the role of both genetic and environmental factors in the development of disorders.

2. Latresha is not hungry, is extremely tired, and doesn't feel like doing much of anything. She often feels that life is just hopeless. These symptoms have been going on for 2 months now. She probably is suffering from which mood disorder?

• A. Generalized anxiety disorder
• B. Bipolar disorder
• C. Major depressive disorder
• D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Major Depressive Disorder. Latresha's symptoms of prolonged sadness, fatigue, and lack of interest in activities lasting for 2 months indicate a major depressive episode. Generalized anxiety disorder (A) is characterized by excessive worry and anxiety, not necessarily prolonged sadness. Bipolar disorder (B) involves episodes of both mania and depression, not solely prolonged sadness. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (D) is characterized by obsessions and compulsions, not the symptoms described in the scenario.

3. A predisposition toward developing a disorder is termed a __________ .

• A. Diathesis
• B. Risk factor
• C. Sufficient cause
• D. Diathesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A predisposition toward developing a disorder is termed a diathesis. In this context, diathesis refers to an individual's susceptibility or predisposition to developing a disorder. A diathesis is not the same as a risk factor or a sufficient cause. A risk factor is a variable that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder but is not a predisposition itself. A sufficient cause is a factor that can produce the disorder on its own, not just a predisposition.

4. A model of understanding mental illnesses that attempts to integrate the contributions of many different types of actors is called the ________ viewpoint.

• A. biopsychosocial
• B. sociocultural
• C. Gestalt
• D. neuroscience

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: biopsychosocial. The biopsychosocial viewpoint considers the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental illnesses. This model recognizes that mental health and illness are influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Choice B, sociocultural, focuses more on societal and cultural influences on mental health, while Choice C, Gestalt, relates to holistic psychology. Choice D, neuroscience, emphasizes the role of the nervous system and brain in mental processes, but it does not encompass the broader integration of biological, psychological, and social aspects seen in the biopsychosocial viewpoint.

5. What are substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects?

• A. Teratogens
• B. Placenta
• C. Parturition
• D. Androgens

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects, especially if exposure occurs during critical periods of development. In this context, teratogens refer to external agents that can interfere with the development of the embryo or fetus, leading to structural or functional abnormalities. Choice B, Placenta, is incorrect as it is an organ that develops during pregnancy to provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and remove waste products. Choice C, Parturition, refers to the process of giving birth and is not related to substances that cause birth defects. Choice D, Androgens, are male sex hormones and are not associated with causing birth defects.

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