Nursing Elites

1. What is the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology?

• A. The idea that stress is the primary cause of psychopathology.
• B. A model that focuses solely on genetic predispositions.
• C. A theory that involves only environmental factors in the development of disorders.
• D. A person must have both a vulnerability for a disorder and exposure to stressors to develop the disorder.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model of psychopathology posits that individuals must have a vulnerability or predisposition to a disorder (diathesis) and be exposed to stressful environmental factors for the disorder to manifest. This model emphasizes the interaction between genetic or biological vulnerabilities (diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because the model does not suggest that stress is the sole cause of psychopathology. Choice B is incorrect as the model considers both genetic predispositions and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect because the diathesis-stress model acknowledges the role of both genetic and environmental factors in the development of disorders.

2. A major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers is ________.

• A. Overly aggressive behavior.
• B. Being too intelligent.
• C. Socioeconomic background.
• D. A lack of empathy.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Overly aggressive behavior is often a major factor in a child's rejection by peers. Children who display overly aggressive behavior may intimidate or harm their peers, leading to social rejection. Being too intelligent or having a different socioeconomic background are not typically primary reasons for peer rejection. While empathy is important for healthy social interactions, a lack of empathy, on its own, is less likely to be a primary factor in peer rejection compared to overly aggressive behavior.

3. Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:

• A. All behavior is governed by external consequences.
• B. Individuals have free will.
• C. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
• D. Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Skinner's behaviorist perspective emphasized that behavior is influenced by external factors and reinforcement, rather than individual free will. Therefore, Skinner would not agree with the statement that individuals have free will. Choices A, C, and D align with Skinner's beliefs as he believed that behavior is shaped by external consequences, organisms tend to repeat behaviors leading to positive outcomes, and organisms tend to avoid behaviors leading to neutral or negative outcomes.

4. What neurotransmitter was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia?

• A. GABA
• B. Serotonin
• C. Epinephrine
• D. Dopamine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Dopamine. Dopamine was initially thought to be the primary cause of schizophrenia. This neurotransmitter hypothesis was based on the observation that drugs that increase dopamine activity can worsen symptoms of schizophrenia, while drugs that decrease dopamine activity can improve symptoms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because GABA, serotonin, and epinephrine were not the neurotransmitters initially believed to be the cause of schizophrenia.

5. How do socioeconomic factors affect mental health?

• A. Socioeconomic factors do not affect mental health.
• B. Socioeconomic factors are one of the primary determinants of mental health.
• C. Socioeconomic factors only affect mental health in extreme cases.
• D. Socioeconomic factors have no clear impact on mental health.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Socioeconomic factors like income and education levels are key determinants of mental health. They influence access to resources such as healthcare, housing, and social support systems, which can impact an individual's mental well-being. Additionally, socioeconomic factors can contribute to stress levels and overall quality of life, which in turn affect mental health. Choice A is incorrect because socioeconomic factors do play a significant role in mental health outcomes. Choice C is incorrect as socioeconomic factors have a broad impact on mental health beyond extreme cases. Choice D is also incorrect as numerous studies have shown the clear impact of socioeconomic factors on mental health.

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