Nursing Elites

1. If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist, he would most likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of?

• A. A learning disability.
• B. His genetic inheritance.
• C. His prior experiences.
• D. A combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Behaviorists, like Dr. Maple, focus on how behavior is learned through interactions with the environment. They would attribute a child's disruptive behavior to their prior experiences rather than genetic factors. Choice A, a learning disability, relates more to cognitive or developmental perspectives. Choice B, genetic inheritance, is more aligned with biological or genetic theories. Choice D combines genetic and experiential factors, but behaviorists typically emphasize the influence of the environment on behavior.

2. Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views are most consistent with those of?

• A. William James.
• B. Ivan Pavlov.
• C. Carl Rogers.
• D. Edward Titchener.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edward Titchener. Dr. Asgaard's belief aligns with Titchener's approach of structuralism, which emphasizes understanding the components of consciousness. William James (choice A) was associated with functionalism, focusing on the purpose of behavior rather than its structure. Ivan Pavlov (choice B) was known for classical conditioning in behaviorism, not structuralism. Carl Rogers (choice C) was a major figure in humanistic psychology, emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization, which is not directly related to understanding component parts of processes.

3. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes?

• A. Sigmund Freud
• B. B.F. Skinner
• C. Carl Rogers
• D. Abraham Maslow

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B.F. Skinner. Skinner proposed the theory of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by its consequences. Positive outcomes increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while neutral or negative outcomes decrease it. Sigmund Freud (choice A) is known for his psychoanalytic theory, Carl Rogers (choice C) for person-centered therapy, and Abraham Maslow (choice D) for the hierarchy of needs.

4. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the ________ stage.

• A. oral
• B. anal
• C. phallic
• D. genital

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the phallic stage. During this stage, children focus on the genitals and start to identify with the same-sex parent while developing the superego. Choice A, the oral stage, occurs during infancy (0-1 year), where gratification is centered around the mouth. Choice B, the anal stage, occurs between the ages of 1 and 3, focusing on toilet training. Choice D, the genital stage, is the final stage in Freud's theory, occurring from puberty onwards, where the focus is on mature sexual relationships.

5. What is the significance of the diathesis-stress model in understanding mental disorders?

• A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone causes mental disorders.
• B. The diathesis-stress model suggests that both genetic predisposition and environmental stress are necessary for the development of mental disorders.
• C. The diathesis-stress model is outdated and irrelevant.
• D. The diathesis-stress model focuses only on environmental factors.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model suggests that both genetic predisposition and environmental stress are necessary for the development of mental disorders, highlighting the interaction between nature and nurture. Choice A is incorrect because the model emphasizes the combined influence of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect as the diathesis-stress model remains a valuable framework in understanding mental health. Choice D is incorrect because the model considers both genetic and environmental factors, not solely environmental factors.

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