Nursing Elites

1. To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on __________.

• A. sedentary adults
• B. competitive athletes
• C. men in their mid- to late thirties
• D. women in their childbearing years

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: competitive athletes. Competitive athletes are often studied by researchers to investigate the impact of biological aging on motor skills because their performance is closely linked to physical abilities. Sedentary adults (choice A) may not provide a clear understanding of the relationship between biological aging and motor skills as they may not engage in consistent physical activity. Men in their mid- to late thirties (choice C) and women in their childbearing years (choice D) may not represent a group where motor skills are as finely tuned and critical to performance as in competitive athletes.

2. How does physical activity impact mental health?

• A. Reduces anxiety and depression
• B. Improves mood, but decreases alertness
• C. Decreases mood, alertness, and energy
• D. Decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Physical activity is known to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Choice B is incorrect because physical activity generally improves both mood and alertness. Choice C is incorrect as physical activity tends to increase mood, alertness, and energy levels. Choice D is incorrect as physical activity actually increases neural activity in the cerebral cortex, which is associated with improved cognitive function and mental well-being.

3. Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.

• A. plasticity
• B. stability
• C. nurture
• D. discontinuity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.

4. In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the __________.

• A. way the angry encounters end
• B. amount of unresolved anger
• C. frequency of angry encounters
• D. children's emotional reactions

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the children's emotional reactions. The dependent variable is the outcome being measured or tested in an experiment. In this study, the researchers are trying to understand how the way angry encounters end influences children's emotions. Therefore, the emotional reactions of the children would be the dependent variable that is being studied and measured in relation to the way angry encounters end. Choices A, B, and C are not the dependent variable in this scenario. While they may be related factors, the main focus of the study is on how the way angry encounters end impacts children's emotional reactions, making children's emotional reactions the dependent variable.

5. Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory __________.

• A. on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events
• B. by conducting studies of animal behavior
• C. on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents
• D. by carefully observing his own children

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events. Freud believed that events in early childhood had a significant impact on an individual's development and personality. He used his patients' recollections of childhood experiences to develop his theories on psychosexual development. Choice B is incorrect as Freud did not base his theory on studies of animal behavior. Choice C is incorrect as Freud's theory was not solely based on interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents. Choice D is incorrect as Freud did not construct his theory by observing his own children.

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