Nursing Elites

1. What is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor?

• A. an anesthetic
• B. a spinal block
• C. fetal monitoring
• D. epidural analgesia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Epidural analgesia is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor. It involves the administration of pain medication through a catheter placed in the epidural space of the spine, providing pain relief while allowing the mother to remain alert and participate in the birthing process. It is preferred by many women due to its effectiveness in reducing labor pain. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly address pain management during labor. While an anesthetic and a spinal block are forms of pain relief, epidural analgesia is specifically the most common method used for pain control during labor.

2. One criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory was that it __________.

• A. did not apply to other cultures
• B. underemphasized the influence of sexual feelings
• C. compared human development to the evolution of the human species
• D. offered too narrow a view of important environmental influences

Correct answer: A

Rationale: One criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory was that it did not apply to other cultures. Freud developed his theory based on observations and cases from his clinical practice in a specific cultural context, mainly Western society. This limited cultural scope raised concerns about the generalizability and applicability of his theories to diverse cultural settings. Choice B is incorrect because Freud's theory actually emphasized the significant influence of sexual feelings on human development. Choice C is incorrect because Freud's theory focused on stages of psychosexual development rather than comparing human development to the evolution of the human species. Choice D is incorrect because Freud's psychosexual theory considered environmental influences, although it primarily centered on internal drives and conflicts.

3. The mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles during which stage of labor?

• A. first
• B. second
• C. third
• D. fourth

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles during the second stage of labor. This stage occurs after the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the delivery of the baby. Choice A (first) is incorrect as the first stage is mainly characterized by the dilation of the cervix. Choice C (third) is incorrect as the third stage is the delivery of the placenta, and choice D (fourth) is incorrect as the fourth stage is the recovery period after childbirth.

4. You can tell her that healthy women in their thirties have __________ as those in their twenties.

• A. lower rates of miscarriage Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 18 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
• B. higher rates of pregnancy complications
• C. lower rates of pregnancy complications
• D. about the same rates of pregnancy complications Answer: D Page Ref: 89 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Healthy women in their thirties typically have about the same rates of pregnancy complications as those in their twenties. While it is true that the risk of fertility issues and certain pregnancy complications may increase with age, generally speaking, women in their thirties who are healthy and do not have preexisting conditions do not necessarily experience higher rates of pregnancy complications compared to women in their twenties.

5. Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.

• A. nurture
• B. continuous
• C. discontinuous
• D. nature

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Kostel's belief in stage-based development aligns with the discontinuous perspective, which sees development as a series of distinct stages. The continuous perspective (choice B) suggests development as a smooth and gradual process without distinct stages. The nature perspective (choice D) focuses on genetic and hereditary influences on development. The nurture perspective (choice A) emphasizes the impact of environment and upbringing on development, which is not directly related to the belief in stage-based development.

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