ATI RN
ATI Fluid and Electrolytes
1. What is the most abundant positive ion in blood plasma?
- A. Potassium.
- B. Calcium.
- C. Sodium.
- D. Both potassium and sodium are in equal concentrations.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium. Sodium (Na+) is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid, including blood plasma. It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and is essential for various physiological processes. Choice A, Potassium, is also an important ion in the body but is predominantly found intracellularly. Choice B, Calcium, is an essential mineral in the body but is not the most abundant positive ion in blood plasma. Choice D is incorrect as sodium is the primary positive ion in blood plasma, with a much higher concentration compared to potassium.
2. The healthcare provider discussed strategies with a parent to prevent a recurrence of urinary tract infection in the child. Which statement made by the parent indicates a need for further teaching?
- A. My daughter should wash and wipe the perineal area from front to back.
- B. I am only going to have my daughter wear cotton underwear.
- C. It is acceptable to take frequent bubble baths.
- D. She needs to drink lots of fluids and void frequently.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The statement 'It is acceptable to take frequent bubble baths' indicates a need for further teaching. Oils in bubble bath and similar products can irritate the urethra, potentially leading to recurrent urinary tract infections. The other choices are correct: wiping from front to back helps prevent the spread of bacteria, wearing cotton underwear promotes breathability and reduces moisture, and drinking fluids and voiding frequently help flush out bacteria.
3. A client with acute respiratory failure (ARF) may present with which of the following manifestations? (Select one that doesn't apply.)
- A. Severe dyspnea
- B. Decreased level of consciousness
- C. Headache
- D. Nausea
Correct answer: Nausea
Rationale: In acute respiratory failure (ARF), the body is not getting enough oxygen, leading to respiratory distress. Symptoms of ARF typically include severe dyspnea (difficulty breathing), decreased level of consciousness due to hypoxia, and headache from inadequate oxygenation to the brain. Nausea is not a typical manifestation of ARF and would not be expected in this condition.
4. A nurse is preparing to administer a dose of vancomycin IV to a client who has a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Administer the medication over 15 minutes.
- B. Monitor the client's urine output every 8 hours.
- C. Check the client's creatinine level before administering the medication.
- D. Assess the client for a history of allergies to antibiotics.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct action for the nurse to take is to check the client's creatinine level before administering vancomycin. Vancomycin is known to be nephrotoxic, so assessing the client's renal function before administering the medication is crucial to prevent further kidney damage. Administering the medication over 15 minutes (Choice A) is not the priority in this scenario as renal function assessment takes precedence. Monitoring urine output (Choice B) is important for assessing renal function but checking creatinine level directly provides more accurate information. Assessing for allergies to antibiotics (Choice D) is also important but not as essential as checking the creatinine level due to the nephrotoxic nature of vancomycin.
5. What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
- A. Adenovirus
- B. Influenza virus
- C. Respiratory syncytial virus
- D. Parainfluenza virus
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis, a common respiratory condition in infants that results in inflammation of the small airways in the lung. It is highly contagious and can cause severe respiratory distress in young children, particularly those under 2 years old. Choice A, Adenovirus, is not the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Choice B, Influenza virus, may cause respiratory infections but is not the primary cause of bronchiolitis. Choice D, Parainfluenza virus, can cause croup and other upper respiratory infections but is not the main cause of bronchiolitis in infants.
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