Nursing Elites

1. Which approach contends that psychology must study internal mental events to fully understand behavior?

• A. Behaviorism.
• B. Cognitive psychology.
• C. Evolutionary psychology.
• D. Humanism.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying internal mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving to understand behavior. Behaviorism (choice A) emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes. Evolutionary psychology (choice C) examines how evolutionary principles influence behavior, not solely focusing on internal mental events. Humanism (choice D) emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization rather than internal mental events as the primary focus of study.

2. Gabriel is depressed as he has been looking for a job for the past year without success. Today, his best friend tried to give him two books on job interviews, but he turned down the offer. What concept best explains his reaction?

• A. Observational learning
• B. Insight learning
• C. Learned helplessness
• D. Modeling

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Gabriel's reaction of turning down the offer of job interview books from his friend despite being depressed and unsuccessful in job hunting best fits the concept of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness occurs when individuals believe they have no control over their situation, leading to passivity and feelings of helplessness. In this case, Gabriel's refusal of the books indicates a sense of resignation and belief that his efforts in finding a job will not be successful, reflecting learned helplessness. Observational learning, insight learning, and modeling do not directly align with Gabriel's reaction in this context.

3. Behaviors that deviate from the norm are?

• A. Always seen as a disorder if they violate social norms
• B. Considered a disorder regardless of culture
• C. Typically seen as a disorder when they impair functioning
• D. Never considered as a sign of abnormality

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Behaviors that deviate from the norm are typically considered disorders when they impair functioning. Choice A is incorrect because not all behaviors that deviate from the norm are considered disorders; they need to impair functioning. Choice B is incorrect because the cultural context plays a significant role in determining what is considered abnormal. Choice D is incorrect because behaviors that deviate from the norm can indeed be considered signs of abnormality, especially if they impair functioning.

4. From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________.

• A. Behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.
• B. Behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.
• C. Behaviorists were too focused on explaining how abnormal behavior is acquired.
• D. Behaviorists underestimated the role of reinforcement.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because behaviorists, from the cognitive-behavioral perspective, are criticized for not considering the significance of mental processes. This limitation is a key point in the cognitive-behavioral perspective, which emphasizes the interplay between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the specific limitation of failing to account for mental processes in the behavioral perspective.

5. Rita shows better control over her eating habits at 2.5 years than her brother Richard did at the same age. Why?

• A. Girls are naturally smarter than boys.
• B. Second-born children learn faster.
• C. Girls have better fine motor skills.
• D. Boys have better gross motor skills.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because boys typically develop gross motor skills, like running and jumping, more quickly than girls. This can explain why Richard may have had less control over his eating habits compared to Rita at the same age. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not address the specific developmental aspect related to eating habits control mentioned in the question.

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