Nursing Elites

1. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may be responsible for the increased incidence of noma and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) because these conditions are associated with depressed immune responses caused by nutritional deficiencies.

• A. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related
• B. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related
• C. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct
• D. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The corrected question highlights that protein-energy malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to conditions like noma and NUG, which are linked to compromised immunity. Choice A is correct because the statement and reason are both accurate and directly related. Protein-energy malnutrition does result in depressed immune responses, which can predispose individuals to noma and NUG. Choice B is incorrect because the statement and reason are indeed related. Choice C is incorrect as both the statement and reason are accurate. Choice D is also incorrect as the statement is correct and directly supports the reason provided.

2. How is the equalization of solute concentration of intracellular fluids (ICFs) and extracellular fluids (ECFs accomplished?

• A. Semipermeable membranes.
• B. Hydration.
• C. Osmotic pressure.
• D. Perspiration.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure within the body equalizes the solute concentration of ICFs and ECFs by shifting small amounts of water in the direction of higher concentration solute. Semipermeable membranes separate one fluid compartment from another and do not directly equalize solute concentrations. Hydration and perspiration are important elements of fluid balance but do not directly achieve the equalization of solute concentrations between ICFs and ECFs, which is primarily regulated by osmotic pressure.

3. What is the first thing you should do before sharing information with a patient?

• A. Provide background knowledge
• B. Ask for permission
• C. Remove personal protective equipment (PPE)
• D. Remind the patient that you are the authority

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Before sharing information with a patient, it is essential to ask for their permission. This action respects the patient's autonomy and encourages their participation in the learning process. Asking for permission establishes a foundation of trust and partnership between the healthcare provider and the patient. Providing background knowledge (Choice A) is important, but it should come after receiving consent to share information. Removing personal protective equipment (Choice C) is not related to the communication process. Reminding the patient that you are the authority (Choice D) is inappropriate as it can undermine the patient's autonomy and hinder effective communication in a patient-centered care approach.

4. A fire has broken in the unit of DMLM R.N. The best leadership style suited in cases of emergencies like this is:

• A. Autocratic
• B. Participative
• C. Democratic
• D. Laissez Faire

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Understanding the underlying pathology and therapeutic techniques ensures that nursing care is not only reactive but also preventative, reducing the risk of complications.

5. To ensure client safety before starting blood transfusions, the following are needed before the procedure can be done EXCEPT:

• A. take baseline vital signs
• B. warm the blood to room temperature for 30 minutes before administering the transfusion
• C. have two nurses verify client identification, blood type, unit number, and expiration date of blood
• D. get consent signed for blood transfusion

Correct answer: D

Rationale: To ensure client safety before starting blood transfusions, taking baseline vital signs, warming the blood to room temperature, and having two nurses verify client identification, blood type, unit number, and expiration date of blood are crucial steps. Consent for blood transfusion is required but is typically obtained before the procedure. The focus before the procedure should be on confirming the right client, blood product, and ensuring the blood is prepared correctly to minimize risks of transfusion reactions.

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