Nursing Elites

1. Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?

• A. The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers.
• B. Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.
• C. Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children.
• D. The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Passive smoking, also known as secondhand smoke, can have harmful effects on pregnancies. Research has shown that exposure to smoke-filled environments during pregnancy is linked to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to secondhand smoke to protect the health of their unborn babies. Choice A is incorrect because passive smoking affects both the mother and the unborn child, not just children born to heavy smokers. Choice C is incorrect as it underestimates the risks of smoke-filled environments on unborn children. Choice D is incorrect as research has already established the harmful effects of passive smoking on pregnancies.

2. A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.

• A. sensorimotor reflex
• B. circular reaction
• C. mental representation
• D. goal-directed behavior

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A circular reaction is a process where an infant repeats a specific action to explore and learn about the environment through their own motor activity. This repetition helps the infant to understand the consequences of their actions and build cognitive schemes. Sensorimotor reflex (choice A) refers to automatic responses to stimuli, not a purposeful repetition of actions to learn. Mental representation (choice C) involves internal cognitive structures to represent objects or events in the mind, which is different from the repetitive behavior described in the question. Goal-directed behavior (choice D) is purposeful and intentional, unlike the repetitive nature of circular reactions in infants' learning process.

3. Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that __________.

• A. aging is an eventual 'shipwreck'
• B. learning follows a predictable timetable
• C. development is plastic at all ages
• D. musical talent peaks in late adulthood

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Max, age 65, learning to play the piano at a local senior center demonstrates that development is plastic at all ages. This means that individuals have the potential to learn and grow regardless of their age, showing that it is never too late to acquire new skills and experiences. Choice A is incorrect because it presents a negative view of aging, which is not supported by Max's actions. Choice B is incorrect as it implies that learning is restricted to certain age periods, which is contradicted by Max's experience. Choice D is incorrect because Max's learning of the piano at 65 suggests that musical talent can be developed at any age, not necessarily peaking in late adulthood.

4. __________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.

• A. Sex hormones
• B. Over-the-counter medications
• C. Free radicals
• D. Low body weight

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Free radicals may contribute to oxidative stress, increasing the risk of conditions associated with a high-fat diet. When consuming a high-fat diet, the body may produce more free radicals, leading to oxidative damage. Sex hormones, over-the-counter medications, and low body weight do not directly heighten the effects of a high-fat diet like free radicals do.

5. Baby Azeez's limb movements are gentle. He stirs occasionally, and facial grimacing occurs. Although his eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Azeez is most likely in which state?

• A. regular sleep
• B. drowsiness
• C. irregular sleep
• D. quiet alertness

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The description of Baby Azeez's behavior matches the characteristics of irregular sleep in a newborn. During irregular sleep, limb movements are gentle, occasional facial grimacing occurs, and rapid eye movements can be seen beneath closed eyelids. This state is also known as active sleep and is associated with dreaming in newborns. Choice A, regular sleep, is incorrect as the described behaviors are not typical of this state. Choice B, drowsiness, does not match the active movements and facial grimacing observed in Azeez. Choice D, quiet alertness, is also incorrect as it does not align with the described behaviors of limb movements, facial grimacing, and rapid eye movements.

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