Nursing Elites

1. According to operant conditioning theory, __________.

• A. the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval
• B. normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation
• C. the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society
• D. the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: According to operant conditioning theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers. In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped through reinforcement, which can be positive (rewarding) or negative (removal of something unpleasant). By providing reinforcement following a behavior, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future is increased. This supports the notion that the frequency of a behavior can be increased by using reinforcers in operant conditioning. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences through reinforcement (positive or negative) to increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring, rather than punishment, cultural influences, or the development of the id based on societal values.

2. What is a major strength of the longitudinal design?

• A. Examine relationships between early and later behaviors
• B. Collect a large amount of data in a short time span
• C. Explore similarities among children of different cohorts
• D. Study participants differing in age at the same point in time

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can examine relationships between early and later behaviors. This design allows researchers to observe and track changes in the same participants over an extended period of time, providing valuable insights into developmental trajectories and how behaviors are connected across different stages of life. Choice B is incorrect because longitudinal studies track changes over time, not necessarily collect a large amount of data in a short time span. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to cross-sectional studies rather than longitudinal studies. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a cross-sectional design where participants of different ages are studied at the same time.

3. Newborns of smoking mothers __________.

• A. are more attentive to sounds
• B. display more muscle tension
• C. less often have colic
• D. are less excitable when visually stimulated Answer: B Page Ref: 84 Skill Level: Understand known or suspected teratogens. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 12 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Newborns of smoking mothers display more muscle tension. This is because nicotine in cigarettes can lead to increased muscle tension in babies, which can affect their physical development and potentially lead to future health issues. This is one of the negative effects of smoking during pregnancy on the developing fetus.

4. As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.

• A. close friends
• B. family members
• C. younger children
• D. the inner self

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During adolescence, individuals start to rely more on feedback from close friends to develop their self-concept. Close friends play a significant role during this transitional period as they provide peer validation, support, and influence. Family members, although important, may not hold the same level of influence on self-concept during adolescence as close friends do. Younger children are unlikely to provide the necessary feedback and validation needed during this developmental stage. While self-reflection and understanding the inner self are vital for personal growth, during adolescence, external feedback from close friends tends to have a more pronounced impact on shaping self-concept.

5. Dr. Whiren studies how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Dr. Whiren’s research best aligns with the perspective of which theorist?

• A. Jean Piaget
• B. John Bowlby
• C. Lev Vygotsky
• D. Erik Erikson Answer: C Page Ref: 22 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Whiren's study on how culture is transmitted to the next generation aligns best with the perspective of Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was a developmental psychologist who emphasized the importance of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping cognitive development. He believed that children learn through interactions with others and that culture plays a significant role in this learning process.

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