Nursing Elites

1. In psychoanalytic theory, which psychosexual stage centers on castration anxiety?

• A. Genital
• B. Oral
• C. Anal
• D. Phallic

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Castration anxiety is a concept specific to the Phallic stage in psychoanalytic theory, according to Sigmund Freud. During the Phallic stage, children experience the Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra complex (girls), where they develop unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent and fear castration by the same-sex parent. This anxiety is a crucial aspect of the Phallic stage, making it the correct answer. The other stages (Genital, Oral, and Anal) do not directly involve castration anxiety and focus on different aspects of psychosexual development.

2. Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential?

• A. Sigmund Freud
• B. F. Skinner
• C. G. Stanley Hall
• D. Abraham Maslow

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Abraham Maslow. He was a leading humanist psychologist who introduced the concept of the hierarchy of needs. Maslow emphasized the human drive for self-actualization, which involves fulfilling one's potential and striving for personal growth. Sigmund Freud (choice A) focused on psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind. B.F. Skinner (choice B) was a behaviorist who studied operant conditioning. G. Stanley Hall (choice C) was a pioneering psychologist in the field of child development.

3. Unlike those with autism spectrum disorder, those with reactive attachment disorder have a history of:

• A. Schizoid personality disorder
• B. Autism spectrum disorder
• C. Reactive attachment disorder
• D. Disinhibited social engagement disorder

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reactive attachment disorder. Individuals with reactive attachment disorder have a history of severe social neglect, which distinguishes it from autism spectrum disorder. Choice A, Schizoid personality disorder, is incorrect as it is not typically associated with the history described in reactive attachment disorder. Choice B, Autism spectrum disorder, is incorrect because individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not necessarily have a history of severe social neglect. Choice D, Disinhibited social engagement disorder, is also incorrect as it is a separate attachment disorder characterized by indiscriminate social behavior, not necessarily a history of neglect.

4. What are culture-bound syndromes?

• A. Culture-bound syndromes are disorders that can be found in all cultures.
• B. Culture-bound syndromes are disorders that are specific to certain cultural contexts.
• C. Culture-bound syndromes are myths and do not exist.
• D. Culture-bound syndromes are conditions seen only in psychiatric hospitals.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Culture-bound syndromes are disorders that are specific to certain cultural contexts. These syndromes may not be recognized or understood outside of the specific cultural context where they originate. Choice A is incorrect because culture-bound syndromes are not universal and are tied to specific cultural beliefs and practices. Choice C is incorrect as culture-bound syndromes are recognized in the field of psychology and anthropology. Choice D is incorrect as culture-bound syndromes are not limited to psychiatric hospitals but can be observed in various cultural settings.

5. While having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees that Parkinson's disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson's disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a ________, but not a ________.

• A. risk factor; sufficient cause
• B. sufficient cause; necessary cause
• C. necessary cause; risk factor
• D. contributory cause; sufficient cause

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'sufficient cause; necessary cause.' A sufficient cause will inevitably produce the disorder, but it is not the only factor. In this case, having the gene for Parkinson's disease is a sufficient cause, meaning it alone can lead to the development of the disease. However, it is not a necessary cause because Parkinson's disease can still develop without the presence of this gene. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the relationship between the gene and the development of Parkinson's disease as depicted in the question.

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