Nursing Elites

1. Gabriel is depressed as he has been looking for a job for the past year without success. Today, his best friend tried to give him two books on job interviews, but he turned down the offer. What concept best explains his reaction?

• A. Observational learning
• B. Insight learning
• C. Learned helplessness
• D. Modeling

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Gabriel's reaction of turning down the offer of job interview books from his friend despite being depressed and unsuccessful in job hunting best fits the concept of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness occurs when individuals believe they have no control over their situation, leading to passivity and feelings of helplessness. In this case, Gabriel's refusal of the books indicates a sense of resignation and belief that his efforts in finding a job will not be successful, reflecting learned helplessness. Observational learning, insight learning, and modeling do not directly align with Gabriel's reaction in this context.

2. Which term describes a combination of economic and social factors detailing an individual or family's position, including income, education, and occupation?

• A. Culture
• B. Socioeconomic status
• C. Risk factors
• D. Ethnic gloss

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status (SES) is a term used to combine economic and social factors to describe an individual's or family's position in society. Choice A, Culture, refers to the beliefs, customs, and practices of a specific group of people. Choice C, Risk factors, are characteristics or exposures that increase the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Choice D, Ethnic gloss, is not a term related to the description of an individual or family's economic and social position.

3. _______ tends to be seen in American children, whereas _______ tends to be seen in Thai children.

• A. Aggressive behavior; calm behavior
• B. Overcontrolled behavior; undercontrolled behavior
• C. Undercontrolled behavior; overcontrolled behavior
• D. Equal behavioral traits in both cultures.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Undercontrolled behavior tends to be seen in American children, whereas overcontrolled behavior is seen in Thai children.' This statement is supported by cultural studies and observations. American children are often described as exhibiting undercontrolled behavior, which includes impulsivity and lack of inhibition. On the other hand, Thai children are often described as showing overcontrolled behavior, characterized by restraint and adherence to social norms. Choice A is incorrect because calm behavior is not typically associated with American children. Choice B is incorrect as overcontrolled behavior is not commonly associated with American children. Choice D is incorrect as there are observed differences in behavioral traits between American and Thai children.

4. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 and includes the Oedipal period is the _________ stage.

• A. Oral
• B. Anal
• C. Phallic
• D. Genital

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phallic. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between ages 3 and 5 and includes the Oedipal period is the phallic stage. This stage is characterized by the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the oral stage typically occurs during the first year of life, the anal stage occurs around ages 2 to 3, and the genital stage is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development.

5. What neurotransmitter was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia?

• A. GABA
• B. Serotonin
• C. Epinephrine
• D. Dopamine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Dopamine. Dopamine was initially thought to be the primary cause of schizophrenia. This neurotransmitter hypothesis was based on the observation that drugs that increase dopamine activity can worsen symptoms of schizophrenia, while drugs that decrease dopamine activity can improve symptoms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because GABA, serotonin, and epinephrine were not the neurotransmitters initially believed to be the cause of schizophrenia.

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