Nursing Elites

1. What major departure did Freud's position have from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s?

• A. Viewed abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
• B. Viewed people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
• C. Proposed the existence of free will.
• D. Emphasized environmental forces on behavior.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Freud's major departure from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he viewed people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior. This is reflected in his emphasis on unconscious forces influencing behavior. Choice A is incorrect as Freud focused on psychological rather than solely biological causes. Choice C is incorrect as Freud's theory did not emphasize free will but rather unconscious drives. Choice D is incorrect as Freud emphasized internal psychological forces over external environmental factors.

2. In a discussion with your professor, she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea most consistent with?

• A. Behaviorism
• B. Functionalism
• C. Structuralism
• D. Psychoanalysis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Structuralism. Structuralism, as introduced by Wundt, aimed to break down mental processes into their most basic elements. This aligns with the idea of breaking the conscious experience into its fundamental components. Choice A, Behaviorism, focuses on observable behavior and not on breaking down conscious experience. Choice B, Functionalism, emphasizes the purpose of behavior rather than breaking it down into basic elements. Choice D, Psychoanalysis, delves into unconscious processes and conflicts, which is different from breaking down conscious experiences into basic elements.

3. What are some common methods used to study genetic influences on behavior?

• A. Genetic influences are studied only through twin studies.
• B. Common methods include twin studies, adoption studies, and gene mapping.
• C. Genetic influences on behavior are only studied through family history.
• D. Genetic influences on behavior are not well understood.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Common methods used to study genetic influences on behavior include twin studies, adoption studies, and gene mapping. Twin studies help to compare the similarities between identical and fraternal twins to estimate the heritability of a trait. Adoption studies look at the similarities between adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents to determine genetic influences. Gene mapping involves identifying specific genes associated with certain behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because genetic influences on behavior are not solely studied through twin studies or family history, and while the understanding of genetic influences may vary, there are established methods to study them.

4. What research method involves researchers using interviews and/or questionnaires to collect data about attitudes, interests, values, and various kinds of behaviors?

• A. Case study
• B. Survey
• C. Naturalistic observation
• D. Correlational study

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Survey. A survey is a research method where data is collected through interviews or questionnaires about various behaviors and attitudes. In a case study (choice A), researchers closely examine a particular individual or group. Naturalistic observation (choice C) involves observing subjects in their natural environment. Correlational study (choice D) examines the relationship between two variables but does not involve collecting data through interviews or questionnaires.

5. Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's views are most similar to those found in?

• A. The psychodynamic perspective.
• B. The evolutionary perspective.
• C. The behavioral perspective.
• D. The biological perspective.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bernard's advice to focus on observable behaviors aligns with the behavioral perspective. Behaviorists emphasize studying external actions rather than internal states to understand human behavior. The psychodynamic perspective (Choice A) focuses on unconscious processes, the evolutionary perspective (Choice B) on adaptation and natural selection, and the biological perspective (Choice D) on the biological underpinnings of behavior, making them less similar to Bernard's suggestion.

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