Nursing Elites

1. In an experiment, the investigators manipulate variables to learn how one affects another.?

• A. A data-collection method in which participants respond to questions
• B. The entire group that is of interest to a researcher
• C. A detailed description of a single culture or context
• D. A study that tests a causal hypothesis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because in an experimental design, investigators manipulate variables to determine the effect of one on another. This process allows researchers to test causal hypotheses by manipulating one variable while keeping others constant. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly relate to manipulating variables in an experiment.

2. What does the diathesis-stress model entail?

• A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone is sufficient to cause a mental disorder.
• B. The diathesis-stress model involves a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors.
• C. The diathesis-stress model suggests that genetic factors alone cause mental disorders.
• D. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stressors in the environment do not affect the onset of mental disorders.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model proposes that mental disorders develop from a combination of genetic vulnerability (the diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because it states that stress alone can cause mental disorders, which is not in line with the model. Choice C is incorrect as it simplifies the model to genetic factors alone causing mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that environmental stressors do not play a role in the onset of mental disorders, which contradicts the essence of the diathesis-stress model.

3. What major departure did Freud's position have from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s?

• A. Viewed abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
• B. Viewed people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
• C. Proposed the existence of free will.
• D. Emphasized environmental forces on behavior.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Freud's major departure from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he viewed people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior. This is reflected in his emphasis on unconscious forces influencing behavior. Choice A is incorrect as Freud focused on psychological rather than solely biological causes. Choice C is incorrect as Freud's theory did not emphasize free will but rather unconscious drives. Choice D is incorrect as Freud emphasized internal psychological forces over external environmental factors.

4. In the Philippines, the existing laws only allow for 7 days of paternity leave. Consequently, fathers get to spend less time with their newborn baby. Which context in Bronfenbrenner's theory does this fall under?

• A. Microsystem
• B. Macrosystem
• C. Mesosystem
• D. Exosystem

Correct answer: D

Rationale: This situation falls under the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The exosystem comprises broader social systems that indirectly influence individuals' lives, such as laws governing parental leave. The limited paternity leave directly impacts fathers' ability to spend time with their newborns but is determined by external factors like societal policies, making it an exosystem influence. Choices A, B, and C do not fit this scenario as they refer to more immediate social environments or broader cultural norms that do not directly determine parental leave policies.

5. Roger has suffered a major brain injury. As a result, he is unable to speak fluently, tends to mispronounce words, and speaks haltingly. For instance, he says 'wat' instead of 'watch' and 'tot' instead of 'talk.' What is the diagnosis?

• A. Agnosia
• B. Spatial neglect
• C. Broca's aphasia
• D. Prosopagnosia

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct diagnosis for Roger's condition is Broca's aphasia. Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty in speaking fluently and accurately, often due to brain injury. In this case, Roger's symptoms of being unable to speak fluently, mispronouncing words, and speaking haltingly align with the characteristics of Broca's aphasia. Agnosia refers to the inability to recognize or interpret sensory information, spatial neglect is the lack of awareness of one side of the body or space, and prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces, none of which match Roger's symptoms.

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