Nursing Elites

1. What impact do parenting styles have on child development?

• A. Authoritarian parenting leads to positive developmental outcomes.
• B. Permissive parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes.
• C. Neglectful parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes.
• D. All parenting styles produce similar developmental outcomes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Permissive parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes because it involves warmth and a lack of strict control. Authoritarian parenting, as mentioned in choice A, is characterized by strict rules and harsh discipline, which may not lead to the best developmental outcomes. Neglectful parenting, as in choice C, involves a lack of responsiveness and support, which can have detrimental effects on a child's development. Choice D is incorrect because different parenting styles can have varying impacts on child development.

2. ______________ are conditions that increase the probability of a disorder but are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause it.

• A. Risk factors
• B. Contributory causes
• C. Sufficient causes
• D. Protective factors

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct term for conditions that increase the probability of a disorder but are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause it is 'Contributory causes.' Risk factors (Choice A) are conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome but do not imply causation. Sufficient causes (Choice C) are conditions that guarantee the occurrence of a disorder by themselves. Protective factors (Choice D) decrease the likelihood of a disorder rather than increasing it.

3. When examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always ________.

• A. influenced by one particular gene.
• B. influenced by multiple genes.
• C. influenced by recessive genes.
• D. not influenced by genes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When examining heredity and mental disorders, it is important to note that these conditions are influenced by multiple genes working together. Mental disorders are complex traits that arise from the interplay of various genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, choice B, 'influenced by multiple genes,' is the correct answer. Choice A, 'influenced by one particular gene,' is incorrect because mental disorders typically do not result from the action of a single gene. Choice C, 'influenced by recessive genes,' is incorrect as it oversimplifies the genetic basis of mental disorders. Choice D, 'not influenced by genes,' is also incorrect as genes play a significant role in the development of mental disorders.

4. Which of the following groups of psychologists would be most likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?

• A. Behaviorists
• B. Psychoanalysts
• C. Humanists
• D. Gestalt psychologists

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Humanists. Humanistic psychologists emphasize individual uniqueness, freedom, and the potential for personal growth. They believe in the importance of personal experiences and self-actualization. Behaviorists (choice A) focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences. Psychoanalysts (choice B) are more concerned with unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Gestalt psychologists (choice D) concentrate on perception and the organization of experience, rather than individual uniqueness and personal growth.

5. William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was most heavily influenced by?

• A. Charles Darwin.
• B. Sigmund Freud.
• C. John Watson.
• D. B.F. Skinner.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: William James was heavily influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which shaped his functionalist views on psychology. This influence is evident in James's emphasis on adaptation, survival, and the functional purposes of behavior. Choice B, Sigmund Freud, is incorrect because Freud's psychoanalytic theory focused on unconscious processes and childhood experiences, which differ significantly from James's functionalism. Choice C, John Watson, is incorrect as Watson was a behaviorist who emphasized observable behavior and rejected mental processes, which contrasts with James's focus on mental processes. Choice D, B.F. Skinner, is also incorrect as Skinner was a behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning, which is not directly aligned with James's functionalist perspective.

Similar Questions