Nursing Elites

1. How does abuse and maltreatment tend to affect a child's ability to relate to others?

• A. It leads to the development of strong, healthy relationships.
• B. It results in difficulty forming healthy relationships later in life.
• C. It has little to no impact on a child's social development.
• D. It promotes independence in forming new relationships.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Abuse and maltreatment tend to result in difficulties in forming healthy relationships and may lead to a disorganized and disoriented attachment style. Choice A is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment usually hinder the development of strong and healthy relationships. Choice C is incorrect as abuse and maltreatment significantly impact a child's social development. Choice D is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment do not promote independence in forming new relationships but rather create barriers to forming healthy connections.

2. What does the diathesis-stress model entail?

• A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone is sufficient to cause a mental disorder.
• B. The diathesis-stress model involves a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors.
• C. The diathesis-stress model suggests that genetic factors alone cause mental disorders.
• D. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stressors in the environment do not affect the onset of mental disorders.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model proposes that mental disorders develop from a combination of genetic vulnerability (the diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because it states that stress alone can cause mental disorders, which is not in line with the model. Choice C is incorrect as it simplifies the model to genetic factors alone causing mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that environmental stressors do not play a role in the onset of mental disorders, which contradicts the essence of the diathesis-stress model.

3. Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively confront a client's irrational beliefs?

• A. Person-centered therapy
• B. Psychodynamic psychotherapy
• C. Electroconvulsive therapy
• D. REBT

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy). REBT involves actively confronting and changing irrational beliefs. Choice A, Person-centered therapy, is focused on providing a supportive and empathetic environment rather than confronting irrational beliefs. Choice B, Psychodynamic psychotherapy, emphasizes exploring unconscious processes and early life experiences rather than direct confrontation of irrational beliefs. Choice C, Electroconvulsive therapy, is a biological treatment for severe depression and other mental illnesses, not a therapy style that involves confronting irrational beliefs.

4. Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?

• A. Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely.
• B. The findings have been too inconsistent to draw any conclusions.
• C. While the effects of divorce are negative on children, the effects on the spouses are generally positive.
• D. Due to modern acceptance of divorce, there has been an ongoing decrease in the negative effects of divorce.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it highlights a crucial factor that makes it challenging to establish a clear cause and effect relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may influence both the likelihood of divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Choice B is incorrect as it generalizes the findings without specifying the key issue of preexisting conditions. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the effects of divorce on family members. Choice D is incorrect as it presents a broad statement without addressing the complexities involved in determining the effects of divorce.

5. An inborn trait that is relatively permanent and differentiates one person from another is known as ________.

• A. genotype
• B. phenotype
• C. temperament
• D. characteristic

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Temperament is the correct answer because it refers to an individual's inborn, relatively permanent trait that distinguishes one person from another. Genotype (choice A) refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, not necessarily a behavioral trait. Phenotype (choice B) is the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. Characteristic (choice D) is a broad term that can encompass various traits and features, but it does not specifically denote an inborn and relatively permanent trait that sets individuals apart.

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