Nursing Elites

1. Freud's view of mental disorders was that they were a result of ________.

• A. unresolved conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego.
• B. genetic abnormalities that influence people's ability to cope with their environment.
• C. problematic tendencies we develop while dealing with our early interpersonal environments.
• D. learned maladaptive behaviors that were rewarded with attention.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Freud believed that mental disorders were a result of unresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. This concept is central to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, where conflicts between these three components of personality lead to psychological distress. Choice B is incorrect because Freud focused more on unconscious conflicts rather than genetic abnormalities. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to later psychodynamic theories rather than Freud's specific view. Choice D is incorrect as Freud's perspective does not emphasize learned behaviors as the primary cause of mental disorders.

2. During conception, the 23 unpaired chromosomes in the ovum and sperm combine to form 23 pairs in an entirely new cell called the?

• A. Embryo
• B. DNA
• C. Fetus
• D. Zygote

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Zygote. A zygote is formed when the 23 chromosomes from the ovum and sperm combine during conception. It is the initial cell formed and marks the beginning of a new organism. Choice A, Embryo, is incorrect as an embryo is formed later in the development process. Choice B, DNA, is incorrect as DNA is the genetic material within the chromosomes but is not the name of the new cell formed after fertilization. Choice C, Fetus, is incorrect as a fetus is the stage of prenatal development that occurs well after the zygote stage.

3. Finding meaning in life and dealing with death form core values in which of the following perspectives?

• A. Existential
• B. Humanistic
• C. Behavioral
• D. Object Relations

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Existential. Existentialism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. It focuses on finding meaning in life and dealing with fundamental issues such as death. This perspective is characterized by concepts like authenticity, responsibility, and the search for purpose. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while they may address certain aspects of human behavior or relationships, they do not specifically emphasize the search for meaning and the confrontation with death as core values.

4. Children raised in orphanages tend to have ________.

• A. more cortical gray matter than those raised by their parents.
• B. less cortical gray matter than those raised by their parents.
• C. more friendships than those raised by their parents.
• D. fewer friendships than those raised by their parents.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'less cortical gray matter than those raised by their parents.' Studies have shown that children raised in orphanages tend to have less cortical gray matter compared to those raised by their parents. This is due to the lack of individualized care, attention, and stimulation that can negatively impact brain development. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because there is no direct correlation between cortical gray matter and the number of friendships when comparing children raised in orphanages and those raised by their parents.

5. Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's views are most similar to those found in?

• A. The psychodynamic perspective.
• B. The evolutionary perspective.
• C. The behavioral perspective.
• D. The biological perspective.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bernard's advice to focus on observable behaviors aligns with the behavioral perspective. Behaviorists emphasize studying external actions rather than internal states to understand human behavior. The psychodynamic perspective (Choice A) focuses on unconscious processes, the evolutionary perspective (Choice B) on adaptation and natural selection, and the biological perspective (Choice D) on the biological underpinnings of behavior, making them less similar to Bernard's suggestion.

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