Nursing Elites

1. How can attributional style influence the likelihood of developing depression?

• A. By fostering a positive attributional style, individuals can enhance their resilience against depression.
• B. Attributional style does not significantly influence the development of depression.
• C. By adopting a negative attributional style, individuals increase their vulnerability to depression.
• D. Attributional style influences the likelihood of developing depression by determining how individuals interpret and respond to events.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because attributional style plays a crucial role in influencing the likelihood of developing depression by shaping how individuals interpret and respond to events. A positive attributional style can indeed enhance resilience against depression by promoting adaptive coping mechanisms and positive interpretations of situations, which can buffer against the development of depressive symptoms. Conversely, a negative attributional style, characterized by attributing negative events to internal, stable, and global factors, can increase vulnerability to depression by fostering feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. Choices A and C provide accurate insights into how different attributional styles can impact the development of depression, making them incorrect. Choice B is incorrect as research indicates that attributional style does have a significant influence on the likelihood of developing depression.

2. To overcome her fear of balloons due to the loud sound they might make when popping, Bella must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist pops each one. After a while, Bella realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as?

• A. Systematic desensitization
• B. Aversion therapy
• C. Flooding
• D. Extinction

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Flooding. Flooding is an exposure therapy technique where a person is exposed to their fear at full intensity until the fear subsides. In this scenario, Bella is exposed to her fear of balloons in a controlled environment until she realizes her fear is unjustified. Choice A, Systematic desensitization, involves gradual exposure to the fear stimulus paired with relaxation techniques. Choice B, Aversion therapy, aims to create a negative association with a stimulus to reduce unwanted behavior. Choice D, Extinction, refers to the gradual decrease in the strength or frequency of a conditioned response.

3. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes?

• A. Sigmund Freud
• B. B.F. Skinner
• C. Carl Rogers
• D. Abraham Maslow

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B.F. Skinner. Skinner proposed the theory of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by its consequences. Positive outcomes increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while neutral or negative outcomes decrease it. Sigmund Freud (choice A) is known for his psychoanalytic theory, Carl Rogers (choice C) for person-centered therapy, and Abraham Maslow (choice D) for the hierarchy of needs.

4. In order to develop chicken pox, one must be exposed to the virus that causes chicken pox. Note, however, that not everyone who is exposed to the virus is affected. In other words, the virus is a ________

• A. risk factor.
• B. necessary cause.
• C. sufficient cause.
• D. contributory cause.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'necessary cause.' A necessary cause must be present for a disorder to occur. In the context of developing chicken pox, being exposed to the virus is a necessary condition for contracting the disease. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. A 'risk factor' increases the probability of developing a disease but is not essential for its occurrence. A 'sufficient cause' can produce the outcome on its own, which is not the case with exposure to the chicken pox virus. A 'contributory cause' adds to other causes to produce an effect, but in this scenario, exposure to the virus is crucial by itself.

5. Which part of your brain is active when you get cues about being hungry, thirsty, or sleepy?

• A. Hippocampus
• B. Thalamus
• C. Hypothalamus
• D. Amygdala

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Hypothalamus (Choice C). The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating basic bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep. It receives cues related to these needs and helps to maintain homeostasis in the body. The Hippocampus (Choice A) is primarily involved in memory formation and spatial navigation, not in regulating physiological needs. The Thalamus (Choice B) acts as a relay station for sensory information but is not the main center for hunger, thirst, or sleep regulation. The Amygdala (Choice D) is more associated with emotions, particularly fear and pleasure, rather than physiological needs like hunger, thirst, or sleep.

Similar Questions