Nursing Elites

1. G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, __________.

• A. discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species
• B. launched the normative approach
• C. constructed the first standardized intelligence test
• D. were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory

Correct answer: B

Rationale: G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, launched the normative approach. This approach involves studying large numbers of people of different ages and examining the age-related averages of behaviors to establish norms or typical development patterns. These scholars focused on the systematic observation of how and when certain behaviors appear in children. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the contributions of G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell in the field of developmental psychology.

2. __________ aging reflects the reality that aging well involves not only achievement of desirable outcomes but also effective coping with life's challenges and losses.

• A. Optimal
• B. Successful
• C. Peerless
• D. Capital

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Successful.' Successful aging encompasses achieving desirable outcomes and coping effectively with life's challenges and losses. 'Optimal' could imply a focus solely on achieving the best outcomes without considering challenges and losses. 'Peerless' means unmatched or unrivaled, which does not address coping with challenges. 'Capital' is related to wealth or assets and is not suitable in the context of aging and coping with life's difficulties.

3. According to the lifespan perspective, _______ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

• A. the prenatal period
• B. early childhood
• C. adolescence
• D. no age period

Correct answer: D

Rationale: According to the lifespan perspective, no single period is considered supreme in its impact on the life course. Each stage of life, from prenatal period through adulthood, plays a significant role in shaping an individual's development. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D: no age period.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the lifespan perspective emphasizes that all stages are important and contribute uniquely to an individual's life course.

4. __________ love is strong at the beginning of a relationship.

• A. Compassionate
• B. Affectionate
• C. Passionate
• D. Companionate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Passionate love is characterized by intense emotions and physical attraction, which are common in the early stages of relationships. Compassionate love involves deep affection, but it develops over time based on mutual respect, trust, and intimacy. Affectionate love is warm and tender, but it may not necessarily have the intense emotions associated with passionate love. Companionate love is based on friendship, respect, and affection, but it may lack the intense emotions and physical attraction that characterize passionate love.

5. Why do young infants usually cry?

• A. because they are bored
• B. in shrill, piercing tones
• C. because of physical needs
• D. all night long

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Young infants usually cry because of physical needs such as hunger, discomfort, or needing to be changed. It is their way of communicating these needs to their caregivers as they are unable to do so in any other way. Choice A is incorrect because infants cry primarily to communicate physical needs, not because they are bored. Choice B is incorrect because the tone of the cry is not the reason why infants cry. Choice D is incorrect because infants cry for various physical needs, not necessarily all night long.

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