Nursing Elites

1. G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, __________.

• A. discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species
• B. launched the normative approach
• C. constructed the first standardized intelligence test
• D. were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory

Correct answer: B

Rationale: G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, launched the normative approach. This approach involves studying large numbers of people of different ages and examining the age-related averages of behaviors to establish norms or typical development patterns. These scholars focused on the systematic observation of how and when certain behaviors appear in children. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the contributions of G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell in the field of developmental psychology.

2. People born during the baby boom between 1946 and 1964 tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times due to __________ influences.

• A. age-graded
• B. history-graded
• C. nonnormative
• D. bio-historical Answer: B Page Ref: 9‒10 Skill Level: Remember Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View Difficulty Level: Easy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: People born during the baby boom between 1946 and 1964 tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times due to history-graded influences. These influences refer to the events and conditions that are common to a particular historical era and can significantly shape the development and experiences of individuals who live through them. The post-World War II era, economic prosperity, and social changes during the baby boom period are examples of historical events that have had a lasting impact on this generation.

3. Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which conclusion is supported by this study?

• A. The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
• B. The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
• C. A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse.
• D. A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dr. Dias's research findings indicate a correlation between the death of a spouse and a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. This correlation suggests a relationship between the two variables, but it does not necessarily imply a direct cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, the correct conclusion supported by this study is option B - 'The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.' Option A is too direct in its causation claim, which is not proven by correlation alone. Option C reverses the cause and effect relationship suggested by the research. Option D introduces an unrelated third variable, which is not supported by the study's findings.

4. According to Erikson, when parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who __________.

• A. feels forced and shamed
• B. acts competently on his own
• C. asserts his independence
• D. feels self-confident

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to Erikson, when parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who feels forced and shamed. This is because overly controlling parents can make the child feel inadequate, leading to a sense of shame and doubt. Choice B, 'acts competently on his own,' is incorrect because overcontrolling parents hinder the child's ability to act independently. Choice C, 'asserts his independence,' is incorrect because overcontrolling parents can actually suppress the child's independence. Choice D, 'feels self-confident,' is incorrect because overcontrolling parenting can undermine the child's confidence and lead to feelings of inadequacy.

5. Nine-year-old Krista gives part of her allowance to charity and collects canned goods for the food bank through her scout troop. Krista is developing __________.

• A. pride
• B. empathy
• C. guilt
• D. inferiority

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, which is a crucial social development in childhood. In this scenario, Krista's actions of giving to charity and collecting goods for the food bank demonstrate her growing empathy towards those in need. Choice A, pride, does not capture the essence of understanding and sharing others' feelings. Choice C, guilt, is not appropriate as there is no indication that Krista feels guilty about her actions. Choice D, inferiority, is unrelated to the positive behavior displayed by Krista.

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