Nursing Elites

1. Compared to the typical American diet, what does the DASH diet provide more of?

• A. More saturated fats
• B. Fewer whole grains
• C. More fruits and vegetables
• D. Fewer dairy products

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The DASH diet, which stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, emphasizes the consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are high in potassium, fiber, and antioxidants. These nutrients help lower blood pressure. Therefore, compared to the typical American diet, the DASH diet provides more fruits and vegetables. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The DASH diet doesn't focus on providing more saturated fats or fewer whole grains or dairy products. In fact, it encourages the consumption of whole grains and low-fat dairy products to promote a balanced and healthy diet.

2. Which enzyme is most essential for hydrolyzing large protein molecules?

• A. Gastric lipase
• B. Pepsin
• C. Mucus
• D. Intrinsic factor

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pepsin, choice B, is the correct answer as it is a proteolytic enzyme that is essential for the breakdown of large protein molecules in the stomach. Gastric lipase, choice A, is incorrect because it primarily targets fats, not proteins, hence it is not involved in protein hydrolysis. Mucus, choice C, is incorrect as it serves to protect the stomach lining from acidic gastric juices and does not play a direct role in protein digestion. Intrinsic factor, choice D, is incorrect as it is vital for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestine and doesn't participate in the process of hydrolyzing proteins.

3. Which hormone is produced in fat tissue and helps regulate body fat by suppressing appetite?

• A. glucagon
• B. ghrelin
• C. leptin
• D. insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, leptin. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by suppressing hunger, thus aiding in the regulation of body fat. Glucagon (choice A) is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels, ghrelin (choice B) stimulates appetite, and insulin (choice D) regulates blood sugar levels and promotes glucose uptake.

4. For individuals with lactose intolerance, which of the following foods should be avoided?

• A. Eggs
• B. Milk
• C. Almonds
• D. Beef

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Individuals with lactose intolerance lack the enzyme lactase needed to break down lactose. Milk contains lactose, a sugar found in dairy products, and should be avoided by individuals with lactose intolerance. Choices A, C, and D are not sources of lactose and are generally well-tolerated by individuals with lactose intolerance.

5. Cancers that arise from epithelial tissues are known as:

• A. Leukemias
• B. Myelomas
• C. Carcinomas
• D. Sarcomas

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Carcinomas. Carcinomas are cancers that originate from epithelial tissues, which are the tissues lining the surfaces of organs and structures in the body. Leukemias (choice A) are cancers of the blood-forming cells, not epithelial tissues. Myelomas (choice B) are cancers that develop in plasma cells in the bone marrow, not epithelial tissues. Sarcomas (choice D) are cancers that arise from connective tissues like bone, cartilage, or muscle, not epithelial tissues. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in the context of cancers originating from epithelial tissues.

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