ATI RN
Pathophysiology Practice Exam
1. How are antibodies produced?
- A. B cells
- B. T cells
- C. Helper cells
- D. Memory cells
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Antibodies are produced by B cells. B cells are specialized white blood cells that generate antibodies as part of the immune response. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. T cells play a role in cell-mediated immunity, not antibody production. Helper cells, or helper T cells, assist in activating B cells but do not directly produce antibodies. Memory cells store information about previous infections but do not actively produce antibodies.
2. What is the narrowing of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes?
- A. Coronary artery disease
- B. Peripheral artery disease
- C. Aortic stenosis
- D. Mitral valve prolapse
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Coronary artery disease is the correct answer. It is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup, which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular issues. Choice B, Peripheral artery disease, involves the narrowing of arteries in the limbs, not specifically the coronary arteries. Choice C, Aortic stenosis, refers to the narrowing of the aortic valve opening, not the arteries. Choice D, Mitral valve prolapse, is a condition where the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle doesn't close properly, unrelated to arterial narrowing.
3. Why does the nurse have a 2-year-old boy sit in a “tailor” position while palpating for the presence of the testes?
- A. It prevents the cremasteric reflex
- B. Undescended testes can be palpated
- C. The child has an inguinal hernia
- D. The child does not yet have a need for privacy
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The tailor position stretches the muscle responsible for the cremasteric reflex, preventing it from contracting and pulling the testes into the pelvic cavity. This position helps accurately palpate the testes. Choice B is incorrect because the position does not facilitate the palpation of undescended testes specifically. Choice C is incorrect as it does not relate to the rationale behind the tailor position. Choice D is incorrect as the reason for using the tailor position is not related to the child's need for privacy.
4. Which sign or reflex is used to diagnose meningitis?
- A. Homan’s sign
- B. Brudzinski
- C. Startle
- D. Anterior drawer
Correct answer: Brudzinski
Rationale: Brudzinski sign is a physical exam finding used to diagnose meningitis. It is elicited by flexing the patient's neck, resulting in involuntary flexion of the hips and knees. This maneuver indicates meningeal irritation, a common feature in meningitis. Homan’s sign is used to assess for deep vein thrombosis, Startle is a reflex response to sudden stimuli, and the Anterior drawer test is used to diagnose ligamentous instability in the knee.
5. A baby throws its arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise or when its head falls. Which reflex is this?
- A. Babinski
- B. Palmar
- C. Darwinian
- D. Moro
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Moro. The Moro reflex is an instinctual response seen in infants when they experience a sudden loss of support or loud noise. The baby will throw their arms out and then bring them back in, resembling an embrace. This reflex is important for survival as it helps the infant react to potential dangers. Choice A, Babinski, refers to the reflex where a baby's toes spread apart when the sole of the foot is stimulated. Choice B, Palmar, is related to the reflex where a baby's fingers close tightly around an object placed in their palm. Choice C, Darwinian, is not a recognized reflex in this context.
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