Nursing Elites

1. According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.

• A. trust
• B. identity
• C. autonomy
• D. intimacy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the major personality attainment of adolescence is identity. During adolescence, individuals go through a stage called 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' where they explore different roles and develop a sense of self. Trust (choice A) is associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory, autonomy (choice C) is linked to the toddler stage, and intimacy (choice D) is a key aspect of the young adulthood stage.

2. Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. clinical interview
• C. case study
• D. structured interview

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A case study would be the best method for Dr. Bigelow to study musical prodigies. In a case study, the researcher can closely examine and analyze the unique characteristics, abilities, and behaviors of individual subjects. This method allows for in-depth exploration of a specific phenomenon, making it ideal for investigating exceptional cases such as musical prodigies. Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference, which may not provide the detailed insights needed for studying musical prodigies. Clinical interviews focus on gathering information through structured questioning, not ideal for studying unique talents. Structured interviews involve asking a set of predetermined questions, which may not allow for the depth of exploration required for studying musical prodigies.

3. Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory all stress __________.

• A. nature over nurture
• B. changes in thinking
• C. unconscious motives and drives
• D. the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior Answer: B Page Ref: 26 Skill Level: Understand development. Topic: Comparing and Evaluating Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory all stress changes in thinking. These theories focus on how cognitive abilities develop over time, emphasizing the growth and transformation of thinking processes rather than static traits or characteristics.

4. Which individual is most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep?

• A. Sammy, a preschool child
• B. Jake, a full-term newborn
• C. Sarah, a teenager
• D. Cheryl, a preterm newborn Answer: D Page Ref: 104 Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 32 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Skill Level: Apply Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Preterm newborns, like Cheryl, experience a higher percentage of REM sleep compared to full-term newborns. This is because REM sleep plays a critical role in brain development, and preterm infants have an increased need for brain development due to their early arrival. Therefore, Cheryl, as a preterm newborn, is most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep among the individuals listed.

5. Which sense is the least-developed in newborn babies?

• A. Taste
• B. Sound
• C. Vision
• D. Touch

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vision is the least-developed sense in newborn babies. While newborns can see, their vision is not as developed as their other senses at birth. Taste, sound, and touch are more developed senses in newborns compared to vision. Over time, through visual stimulation and experiences, a baby's vision gradually improves and develops.

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