Nursing Elites

1. According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.

• A. trust
• B. identity
• C. autonomy
• D. intimacy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the major personality attainment of adolescence is identity. During adolescence, individuals go through a stage called 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' where they explore different roles and develop a sense of self. Trust (choice A) is associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory, autonomy (choice C) is linked to the toddler stage, and intimacy (choice D) is a key aspect of the young adulthood stage.

2. According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences __________.

• A. mistrust
• B. isolation
• C. inferiority
• D. role confusion

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that during adolescence, individuals face the conflict of identity vs. role confusion. If this conflict is resolved negatively, adolescents experience role confusion. Role confusion occurs when adolescents fail to develop a clear sense of identity, leading to uncertainty about their future roles. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they correspond to earlier stages of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (mistrust corresponds to infancy, isolation to early adulthood, and inferiority to middle childhood), not adolescence.

3. When __________, newborn Takeo's toes should fan out and curl as his foot twists in.

• A. a bright light shines in his eyes
• B. his bare foot touches a flat surface
• C. his cheek is stroked near the corner of his mouth
• D. the sole of his foot is stroked from toe to heel

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the description of the twisting and fanning out of newborn Takeo's toes suggests the Babinski reflex, which is typically elicited by stroking the sole of the foot from toe to heel. The Babinski reflex is a normal response in newborns and indicates proper neurological development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not elicit the specific response described in the question.

4. Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. structured observation
• C. ethnography
• D. the clinical method

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The clinical method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory. This method involves in-depth, one-on-one interviews or therapy sessions to explore an individual's unconscious thoughts and emotions. It aims to gain insight into the underlying causes of behavior and psychological issues, aligning with the foundational principles of psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud. Choices A, B, and C are not directly associated with psychoanalytic theory. Naturalistic observation, structured observation, and ethnography focus on observing behavior in natural settings, systematic observation in controlled environments, and studying cultures and societies, respectively, which are not specific to the psychoanalytic approach.

5. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon __________.

• A. wrote the first book of its time on aging
• B. were among the first to make child development knowledge meaningful to parents
• C. regarded development as a maturational process
• D. constructed the first successful intelligence test Answer: D Page Ref: 14 Skill Level: Remember Topic: Scientific Beginnings Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon constructed the first successful intelligence test, known as the Binet-Simon scale, in an effort to measure a child's intelligence level. This test was groundbreaking at the time and laid the foundation for the development of future intelligence tests.

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