Nursing Elites

1. According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.

• A. trust
• B. identity
• C. autonomy
• D. intimacy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the major personality attainment of adolescence is identity. During adolescence, individuals go through a stage called 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' where they explore different roles and develop a sense of self. Trust (choice A) is associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory, autonomy (choice C) is linked to the toddler stage, and intimacy (choice D) is a key aspect of the young adulthood stage.

2. Prenatally malnourished babies frequently __________.

• A. reject breast milk
• B. have enlarged hearts
• C. catch respiratory illnesses
• D. have a higher-than-average birth weight

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Prenatally malnourished babies frequently catch respiratory illnesses. Malnourished babies have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to illnesses such as respiratory infections. This is a common consequence that is observed in babies who did not receive adequate nutrition during the prenatal period. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While malnourished babies may have feeding challenges, rejecting breast milk is not a common consequence. Enlarged hearts are not typically associated with prenatal malnutrition, and having a higher-than-average birth weight is unlikely in malnourished babies.

3. Among all Western nations, which country has the highest percentage of extremely poor children?

• A. the United States
• B. Canada
• C. Germany
• D. France

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'the United States.' According to the information provided, the United States has the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations. This is supported by the extract, which states that the United States leads in this aspect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the question specifically asks for the country with the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations, which is the United States.

4. According to operant conditioning theory, __________.

• A. the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval
• B. normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation
• C. the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society
• D. the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: According to operant conditioning theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers. In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped through reinforcement, which can be positive (rewarding) or negative (removal of something unpleasant). By providing reinforcement following a behavior, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future is increased. This supports the notion that the frequency of a behavior can be increased by using reinforcers in operant conditioning. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences through reinforcement (positive or negative) to increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring, rather than punishment, cultural influences, or the development of the id based on societal values.

5. What is the longest stage of labor?

• A. Delivery of the baby
• B. Delivery of the placenta
• C. Dilation and effacement of the cervix
• D. Release of epinephrine and cortisol

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dilation and effacement of the cervix. This stage can last for hours, especially for first-time mothers, as the cervix needs to dilate and efface to allow for the baby's passage through the birth canal. Once the cervix is fully dilated and effaced, the woman can begin pushing during the second stage of labor to deliver the baby. The delivery of the baby itself is usually a shorter process compared to the time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they represent other stages within the labor process that come after the dilation and effacement of the cervix.

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