Nursing Elites

1. In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the __________.

• A. way the angry encounters end
• B. amount of unresolved anger
• C. frequency of angry encounters
• D. children's emotional reactions

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the children's emotional reactions. The dependent variable is the outcome being measured or tested in an experiment. In this study, the researchers are trying to understand how the way angry encounters end influences children's emotions. Therefore, the emotional reactions of the children would be the dependent variable that is being studied and measured in relation to the way angry encounters end. Choices A, B, and C are not the dependent variable in this scenario. While they may be related factors, the main focus of the study is on how the way angry encounters end impacts children's emotional reactions, making children's emotional reactions the dependent variable.

2. The clinical method __________.

• A. allows investigators to see directly the everyday behaviors they hope to explain
• B. must be conducted with large groups of people at the same time Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 26 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
• C. provides little information on how children and adults actually behave
• D. yields richly detailed case narratives that offer valuable insights Answer: D Page Ref: 30 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The clinical method yields richly detailed case narratives that offer valuable insights. This method involves in-depth interviews, direct observation, and structured interactions to gather detailed information about an individual's behavior and development. It focuses on understanding the unique aspects of an individual's experience and can provide rich insights into behavior and development.

3. What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?

• A. It provides evidence about individual trends.
• B. It cannot be threatened by cohort effects.
• C. It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.
• D. It permits longitudinal comparisons. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One strength of the cross-sectional design is that it is not plagued with dropout or practice effects. This is because cross-sectional studies assess different individuals at the same point in time, eliminating the risk of participants dropping out or improving due to repeated measures.

4. The two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.

• A. observational; experimental
• B. correlational; experimental
• C. observational; correlational
• D. variable; observational Answer: B Page Ref: 31 Skill Level: Remember and limitations of each. Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are correlational and experimental. Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables without establishing causation, while experimental research involves manipulating one variable to observe the effect on another variable. These two types of designs are fundamental in understanding and studying human behavior.

5. What is one limitation of the ethnographic method?

• A. Investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
• B. It provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.
• C. It relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.
• D. It provides little information about the reasoning behind participants' responses.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The limitation of the ethnographic method is that investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see. This can introduce bias into the observations and potentially impact the accuracy of the findings. It is important for researchers to be aware of their own biases and strive to minimize their influence when conducting ethnographic studies. Choice B is incorrect because ethnographic methods actually aim to provide rich information on how individuals behave within their cultural contexts. Choice C is incorrect as ethnographic methods typically involve direct observation and participation rather than unobtrusive techniques like surveillance cameras. Choice D is incorrect because one of the strengths of ethnographic research is its ability to uncover the reasoning behind participants' responses by immersing the researcher in the cultural setting.

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