Nursing Elites

1. An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two __________ and is drawn into one of two __________.

• A. ovaries; testes
• B. fallopian tubes; ovaries
• C. corpus luteum; fallopian tubes
• D. ovaries; fallopian tubes Answer: D Page Ref: 76 Skill Level: Remember Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Correct answer: D

Rationale: An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two ovaries and is drawn into one of two fallopian tubes. This is a correct description of the process of ovulation and fertilization in human reproductive anatomy. The ovaries are responsible for producing and releasing eggs, while the fallopian tubes provide a pathway for the egg to travel to the uterus for potential fertilization.

2. If learning has occurred in classical conditioning, and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response, the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.

• A. neutral response
• B. conditioned stimulus
• C. conditioned response
• D. reinforcer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response, it becomes a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the correct term for the neutral stimulus that now elicits a response is a conditioned stimulus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A neutral response is not a standard term in classical conditioning; a conditioned response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus, not the neutral stimulus itself; a reinforcer is a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior happening again, which is not the same as a conditioned stimulus.

3. Which statement describes a limitation of the clinical method?

• A. It may not yield observations typical of participants’ behavior in everyday life.
• B. Researchers cannot control conditions under which participants are observed.
• C. The findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant.
• D. It does not usually yield rich, descriptive insights into factors that affect development. Answer: C Page Ref: 30 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The statement that describes a limitation of the clinical method is that the findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant. The clinical method typically involves in-depth studies of individual participants, which may limit generalizability to a broader population. This means that the findings from a clinical study may not be applicable to other individuals who are not directly involved in the study.

4. Like Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach __________.

• A. divides development into stages
• B. views development as discontinuous
• C. regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking
• D. has much to say about nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking.' The information-processing approach, similar to Piaget's theory, focuses on how individuals actively process information, encode it, store it, and retrieve it to understand the world around them. Choices A and B are incorrect because the information-processing approach does not necessarily divide development into stages or view development as discontinuous. Choice D is incorrect because the information-processing approach is more concerned with cognitive processes like encoding, storage, and retrieval, rather than nonlinear cognition such as imagination and creativity.

5. Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.

• A. egocentrism
• B. language
• C. sensorimotor activity
• D. self-reflection

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Vygotsky believed that language plays a crucial role in the development of higher cognitive functions. Language enables individuals to communicate, think abstractly, and engage in complex problem-solving, forming the foundation for higher cognitive processes. Egocentrism (Choice A) refers to a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not Vygotsky's. Sensorimotor activity (Choice C) is part of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, focusing on how infants understand the world through sensory experiences and physical actions. Self-reflection (Choice D) involves introspection and examination of one's thoughts and feelings, which is not the central concept in Vygotsky's theory.

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