Nursing Elites

1. Which suggestion is most appropriate to increase calorie intake for a patient with stomach cancer, aiming to prevent weight loss and wasting?

• A. Replace whole fat milk with skim milk or water
• B. Avoid peanut butter and other nuts
• C. Choose high-fat meat instead of lean meat
• D. Limit alcohol intake to two drinks per day

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Choose high-fat meat instead of lean meat. High-fat meats are more calorie-dense than lean meats, which makes them a good choice for increasing calorie intake. This is crucial for patients with stomach cancer who want to avoid weight loss and wasting. Choice A is incorrect because skim milk or water contains fewer calories than whole fat milk. Choice B is also incorrect because peanut butter and nuts are high in calories and therefore should not be avoided when trying to increase calorie intake. Finally, choice D is not a good suggestion to increase calorie intake as alcohol does not provide the necessary nutrients needed for a balanced diet. In fact, excessive alcohol can harm the liver and other organs, and it's not a reliable source of calories.

2. Each statement accurately describes the physical effects of food on periodontal health, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Supragingival plaque biofilm adhesion is influenced by frequent consumption of monosaccharides
• B. Supragingival plaque biofilm adhesion is influenced by frequent consumption of disaccharides
• C. Poor nutrition has an adverse effect on the periodontium
• D. Chewing soft, spongy foods stimulates salivary flow

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Chewing soft, spongy foods does not stimulate salivary flow; rather, firm, fibrous foods like fruits and vegetables do. Soft foods can stick to teeth, promoting plaque buildup. Choices A, B, and C are accurate: Supragingival plaque biofilm adhesion is influenced by both monosaccharides and disaccharides, while poor nutrition can indeed have adverse effects on the periodontium.

3. What is the digestive action of bile?

• A. It breaks down carbohydrates
• B. It breaks down proteins
• C. It breaks down lipids
• D. It aids in fat digestion

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Bile, which is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of fats. It does this by emulsifying the fats, which makes them easier for the digestive enzymes, such as lipase, to break down. While choices A, B, and C could be seen as partially correct since fats are a type of lipid and the process of breaking down fats could be seen as breaking down lipids, the most accurate answer is D, as the primary function of bile is to aid in fat digestion, not the digestion of all types of lipids or the digestion of proteins or carbohydrates.

4. A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving parenteral nutrition. Which of the following findings indicates the therapy is effective?

• A. Client has soft, formed bowel movements.
• B. Client’s mucous membranes are pink.
• C. Client reports ability to complete ADLs.
• D. Client’s blood glucose level is within the expected reference range.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because having a blood glucose level within the expected reference range indicates that parenteral nutrition is effectively meeting the client's nutritional needs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because soft, formed bowel movements, pink mucous membranes, and the ability to complete activities of daily living do not directly reflect the effectiveness of parenteral nutrition therapy.

5. Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine:

• A. pepsin
• B. salivary amylase
• C. CCK
• D. secretin

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid and digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

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