Nursing Elites

1. _______ memory stores information about facts, whereas _______ memory stores information about our personal experiences.

• A. Declarative, episodic
• B. Episodic, semantic
• C. Semantic, nondeclarative
• D. Semantic, episodic

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Semantic, episodic." Semantic memory is responsible for storing factual information, such as concepts and general knowledge. Episodic memory, on the other hand, stores personal experiences and events. Choice A is incorrect because declarative memory is an umbrella term that includes both semantic and episodic memory, so it is not a direct contrast. Choice B is incorrect as it switches the definitions of episodic and semantic memory. Choice C is incorrect because nondeclarative memory refers to implicit or procedural memory, which is different from episodic memory.

2. An inborn trait that is relatively permanent and differentiates one person from another is known as ________.

• A. genotype
• B. phenotype
• C. temperament
• D. characteristic

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Temperament is the correct answer because it refers to an individual's inborn, relatively permanent trait that distinguishes one person from another. Genotype (choice A) refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, not necessarily a behavioral trait. Phenotype (choice B) is the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. Characteristic (choice D) is a broad term that can encompass various traits and features, but it does not specifically denote an inborn and relatively permanent trait that sets individuals apart.

3. How does stress impact brain function?

• A. Stress has no effect on brain function.
• B. Stress can lead to changes in brain structure and function.
• C. Stress can improve brain function.
• D. Stress has no long-term impact on brain function.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Stress can lead to changes in brain structure and function, affecting mental health and increasing the risk of disorders. Choice A is incorrect as stress does affect brain function. Choice C is incorrect as stress generally has negative impacts on brain function rather than improving it. Choice D is incorrect because stress can have long-term impacts on brain function through structural and functional changes.

4. Infant characteristics ________.

• A. do not affect parental behavior.
• B. only affect parental behavior when psychopathology is present.
• C. are not influenced by biological factors.
• D. can influence the quality of attachment relationships.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Infant characteristics can indeed influence the quality of attachment relationships. Parents often respond to their infants based on their characteristics, temperament, and needs. This interaction shapes the attachment bond between the parent and the child. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because infant characteristics do have an impact on parental behavior and are influenced by various factors, including biological ones.

5. How is pruning best defined?

• A. The process of eliminating unused synapses
• B. The process of synapse development
• C. The connection between neurons
• D. Fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pruning is the process of eliminating unused synapses in the brain. This process helps the brain to become more efficient by strengthening important connections and eliminating unnecessary ones. Choice B is incorrect because pruning is about eliminating synapses, not developing them. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the general concept of connections between neurons, not specifically about pruning. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the myelin sheath, which is responsible for rapid transmission of information along neurons, not pruning.

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