Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development?

• A. Birth length
• B. Combined Apgar score
• C. Delivery date
• D. Birth weight

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Birth weight.' Birth weight is a crucial indicator of an infant's chances of survival and well-being. Low birth weight is associated with various health risks and developmental challenges. Birth length (choice A) is not as significant in predicting infant outcomes as birth weight. The Combined Apgar score (choice B) is a measure of the newborn's health status at birth, not a predictor of long-term survival and development. Delivery date (choice C) is important for determining gestational age but is not as directly related to infant survival and healthy development as birth weight.

2. What increases from early to middle adulthood?

• A. Possible selves
• B. Self-doubt
• C. Destructiveness
• D. Autonomy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Possible selves are ideas about what one might become in the future, which increase during the transition from early to middle adulthood. This period is characterized by individuals exploring and considering different potential future selves. Self-doubt (choice B) typically decreases as individuals become more confident and self-assured in middle adulthood. Destructiveness (choice C) is not a common developmental trend during this period. Autonomy (choice D) is a concept related to independence and self-governance, which may develop over a person's lifespan but does not specifically increase during the transition from early to middle adulthood.

3. Which major theory of human development emphasizes plasticity at all ages?

• A. psychoanalytic perspective
• B. ethology
• C. evolutionary developmental psychology
• D. lifespan perspective

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the lifespan perspective. This perspective underscores the idea that individuals have the capacity for growth and change at any age, highlighting plasticity throughout the lifespan. It acknowledges the continuous development and adaptability of individuals to various experiences and factors. Choice A, the psychoanalytic perspective, focuses more on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Choice B, ethology, emphasizes the study of animal behavior in natural environments. Choice C, evolutionary developmental psychology, examines how evolutionary principles influence human development but does not specifically focus on plasticity at all ages.

4. In the scenario where parents at Central Elementary School responded to a multiple-choice questionnaire regarding the most important activity they do with their child, this is an example of a __________.

• A. structured interview
• B. clinical interview
• C. naturalistic observation
• D. structured observation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A structured interview involves asking individuals a predetermined set of questions in a set order. In this scenario, parents at Central Elementary School were given a multiple-choice questionnaire, which indicates that the questions were predetermined and likely asked in a specific order. This method allows for standardized data collection and comparison across participants. Choice B, clinical interview, involves in-depth questioning aimed at understanding an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to psychological issues, which is not the case here. Choice C, naturalistic observation, involves observing individuals in their natural environment without interference, which is not applicable to a questionnaire scenario. Choice D, structured observation, involves systematically observing behavior in predefined ways, not relevant to the given scenario of questionnaire responses.

5. What is a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research?

• A. Age-related changes cannot be examined.
• B. Participants often drop out before the study is over.
• C. Factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.
• D. Practice effects often cause biased findings.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that factors affecting individual development cannot be explored thoroughly. Cross-sectional research involves comparing different groups of people at one specific point in time, and does not allow for tracking individual changes over time. This limitation means that the unique influences and trajectories of individual development may be overlooked in cross-sectional studies. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Choice A is not a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research as age-related changes can still be compared across different groups in this type of study. Choice B, while a potential issue in any study, is not specific to cross-sectional research. Choice D refers to a different type of bias caused by repeated testing rather than a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research.

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