Nursing Elites

1. Small-for-date infants __________ than preterm infants.

• A. catch fewer infections during the first year
• B. are less likely to die during the first year
• C. more often show evidence of brain damage
• D. have higher intelligence tests by middle childhood

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Small-for-date infants more often show evidence of brain damage than preterm infants. This can be attributed to factors such as intrauterine growth restriction and poor nutrition during pregnancy, which can affect the development of the baby's brain. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because there is no evidence to support that small-for-date infants catch fewer infections, are less likely to die, or have higher intelligence tests compared to preterm infants.

2. During the second month of pregnancy, __________.

• A. the umbilical cord first appears as a primitive body stalk
• B. touch sensitivity extends to most of the body
• C. the heart develops separate chambers
• D. the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During the second month of pregnancy, the heart of the developing fetus begins to develop separate chambers, forming the structure necessary for a fully functioning heart. This is a significant milestone in the prenatal development process. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the appearance of the umbilical cord as a primitive body stalk typically occurs around week 5-6, touch sensitivity extending to most of the body is more characteristic of the end of the second trimester, and the heartbeat is usually detectable through a stethoscope around the 18th to 20th week of pregnancy, not during the second month.

3. Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.

• A. practice effects
• B. participant dropout
• C. sequential timing
• D. cohort effects

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cross-sectional studies can be threatened by cohort effects because different age groups may have experienced different historical or social contexts, influencing the results. This disparity can lead to invalid comparisons between age groups, confounding the study's findings. Option A, practice effects, refer to changes in participants' behavior due to repeated testing, not a specific threat to cross-sectional studies. Participant dropout (Option B) is a threat related to attrition in longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional studies. Sequential timing (Option C) does not pose a threat to cross-sectional studies; instead, it refers to the order of tasks in a study design.

4. Where does the male produce sperm, and where are these glands located?

• A. penis; scrotum
• B. scrotum; penis
• C. testes; penis
• D. testes; scrotum

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The male produces sperm in the testes, which are two glands located in the scrotum. The scrotum is the external sac that houses and protects the testes, allowing for optimal temperature regulation to support sperm production. Choice A is incorrect because sperm production does not occur in the penis. Choice B is incorrect because the scrotum houses the testes, not the penis. Choice C is incorrect because sperm is produced in the testes, not the penis.

5. The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.

• A. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do
• B. growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from the beginning
• C. infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
• D. development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The discontinuous view of development holds that infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This perspective suggests that development is not a continuous or smooth process, but rather occurs in distinct stages or phases marked by qualitative differences in abilities and behaviors. This contrasts with the idea that development is a gradual augmentation of skills present from the beginning (choice B) or that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in the same way as adults (choice A). Choice D is incorrect because the discontinuous view does not consider development as a smooth process limited by a lack of information and precision. Ultimately, the discontinuous view emphasizes the distinct and evolving nature of development across the lifespan.

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