Nursing Elites

1. Small-for-date infants __________ than preterm infants.

• A. catch fewer infections during the first year
• B. are less likely to die during the first year
• C. more often show evidence of brain damage
• D. have higher intelligence tests by middle childhood

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Small-for-date infants more often show evidence of brain damage than preterm infants. This can be attributed to factors such as intrauterine growth restriction and poor nutrition during pregnancy, which can affect the development of the baby's brain. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because there is no evidence to support that small-for-date infants catch fewer infections, are less likely to die, or have higher intelligence tests compared to preterm infants.

2. Why do young infants usually cry?

• A. because they are bored
• B. in shrill, piercing tones
• C. because of physical needs
• D. all night long

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Young infants usually cry because of physical needs such as hunger, discomfort, or needing to be changed. It is their way of communicating these needs to their caregivers as they are unable to do so in any other way. Choice A is incorrect because infants cry primarily to communicate physical needs, not because they are bored. Choice B is incorrect because the tone of the cry is not the reason why infants cry. Choice D is incorrect because infants cry for various physical needs, not necessarily all night long.

3. According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the __________. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 20 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. microsystem
• B. mesosystem
• C. exosystem
• D. macrosystem Answer: A Page Ref: 23 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate social context in which an individual lives, such as interactions with family members, friends, and teachers. Marina and Tyler's interactions within their family unit would be considered part of the microsystem.

4. Among preschoolers, __________ contributes to gains in emotional self-regulation.

• A. permissive child rearing
• B. authoritarian child rearing
• C. language
• D. family size

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Language development plays a crucial role in emotional self-regulation in preschoolers. It enables children to express and manage their emotions effectively. Choices A and B, permissive and authoritarian child rearing styles, focus more on the parenting approach rather than the child's intrinsic development. Family size, as mentioned in choice D, does not directly contribute to gains in emotional self-regulation.

5. Development is best understood as __________.

• A. genetically determined
• B. environmentally influenced
• C. an unsolvable puzzle
• D. a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Development is best understood as a series of complex exchanges between nature (genetic factors) and nurture (environmental influences). This perspective emphasizes the interaction and interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental experiences in shaping an individual's development. Choices A and B are too extreme as they suggest that development is solely determined by genetics or solely influenced by the environment, which is not the case. Choice C is incorrect as development is not viewed as an unsolvable puzzle but rather as a dynamic process influenced by multiple factors.

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