Nursing Elites

1. During pregnancy, the placenta __________.

• A. forms in the second trimester of pregnancy
• B. encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
• C. contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo
• D. delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The placenta delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism during pregnancy. It is a temporary organ that forms in the first trimester of pregnancy. Choice A is incorrect as the placenta forms in the first trimester, not the second trimester. Choice B is incorrect as the amniotic sac, not the placenta, encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. Choice C is incorrect as the placenta contains blood vessels (arteries and veins) that deliver nutrients to the embryo, not just one large vein.

2. The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the expectant mother __________.

• A. has access to social support during stressful periods
• B. takes a low dose of anti-anxiety medication
• C. takes a folic acid supplement early in pregnancy
• D. is placed on bed rest during the last trimester

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Having access to social support during stressful periods can greatly reduce the effects of stress on the developing organism. Social support can provide emotional comfort, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging, which can help the expectant mother cope with stress more effectively. This support system can also help mitigate the negative impact of stress on the developing baby during pregnancy. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while folic acid is important for prenatal health, it does not directly address the effects of stress. Taking anti-anxiety medication should be done under medical supervision and as a last resort due to potential risks to the developing baby. Bed rest during the last trimester is not a solution to reduce the effects of stress and may not address the underlying causes of stress.

3. Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson's sense of __________, which depends on preserving a sense of personal history.

• A. intimacy
• B. ego identity
• C. ego integrity
• D. initiative

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'ego integrity.' Erikson's concept of ego integrity involves reflecting on life with a sense of satisfaction, which requires continuity in personal history. This sense of integrity is developed in late adulthood and is characterized by a feeling of wholeness and fulfillment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Intimacy (choice A) relates to forming close relationships, ego identity (choice B) pertains to a stable sense of self, and initiative (choice D) is about being proactive and exploring the environment, which are not directly associated with preserving personal history for a sense of satisfaction in later life.

4. Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________.

• A. initiative
• B. autonomy
• C. generativity
• D. industry

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development highlights generativity as the central focus of middle adulthood. Generativity involves being productive, caring for others, and contributing to society. This stage is characterized by a desire to leave a lasting impact on future generations. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Initiative is associated with the preschool years, autonomy with early childhood, and industry with middle childhood according to Erikson's stages of development.

5. In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.

• A. cross-sectional
• B. experimental
• C. longitudinal
• D. correlational

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: longitudinal. In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and studied over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and continuity in development as individuals age. This design is crucial for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. Cross-sectional studies (Choice A) involve comparing different groups at the same time point, while experimental studies (Choice B) involve manipulating variables to observe their effects. Correlational studies (Choice D) examine relationships between variables but do not involve studying participants over time.

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