Nursing Elites

1. What is a set of age norms defining a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow, which may lead to ____?

• A. Normative age-graded influence; sexism
• B. Social clock; ageism
• C. Critical period; normative age-graded influence
• D. Sensitive period

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Social clock; ageism. A social clock refers to the normal sequence of life events in a culture, and not meeting these norms can result in ageism. Choice A is incorrect because normative age-graded influence is not directly related to sexism. Choice C is incorrect as critical period refers to specific time frames for development, not a set of age norms. Choice D, sensitive period, does not directly relate to the concept described in the question.

2. The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology was?

• A. Structuralism
• B. Behaviorism
• C. Functionalism
• D. Pragmatism

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Functionalism is the correct answer. Functionalism was an early approach in psychology that emphasized the practical applications of psychological research, laying the groundwork for modern-day applied psychology. Structuralism, focusing on the structure of the mind, and Behaviorism, emphasizing observable behaviors, were more theoretical in nature and did not directly lead to applied psychology. Pragmatism is a philosophical approach and not a specific early psychological theory.

3. Which theoretical orientation insisted on the verifiability of observation?

• A. Structuralism.
• B. Functionalism.
• C. Behaviorism.
• D. Psychoanalysis.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Behaviorism. Behaviorism emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors, making it essential for observations to be verifiable. Structuralism (A) focuses on the structure of the mind, not verifiability of observations. Functionalism (B) emphasizes the functions of the mind rather than verification of observations. Psychoanalysis (D) delves into the unconscious mind and conflicts, not specifically on the verifiability of observations.

4. What role does brain development play in psychopathology?

• A. Brain development has no impact on psychopathology.
• B. Brain development plays a crucial role in the onset of many mental disorders.
• C. Brain development is only linked to physical disabilities, not mental disorders.
• D. Brain development is not associated with mental health.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Brain development plays a crucial role in the onset of many mental disorders. It affects how the brain processes information and responds to stress, influencing the development of psychopathology. Choice A is incorrect as brain development does impact psychopathology. Choice C is incorrect as brain development is linked to mental disorders as well. Choice D is incorrect as brain development has implications for mental health.

5. Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential?

• A. Sigmund Freud
• B. F. Skinner
• C. G. Stanley Hall
• D. Abraham Maslow

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Abraham Maslow. He was a leading humanist psychologist who introduced the concept of the hierarchy of needs. Maslow emphasized the human drive for self-actualization, which involves fulfilling one's potential and striving for personal growth. Sigmund Freud (choice A) focused on psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind. B.F. Skinner (choice B) was a behaviorist who studied operant conditioning. G. Stanley Hall (choice C) was a pioneering psychologist in the field of child development.

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