Nursing Elites

1. You are developing a plan of care for a hospitalized child. Which age group is most likely to view illness as a punishment for misdeeds?

• A. Adolescence
• B. Preschool age
• C. Infancy
• D. School age

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Preschool-aged children often engage in magical thinking, where they may believe that illness is a punishment for misdeeds. This belief is related to their cognitive development stage, where they may attribute cause and effect in a magical or unrealistic way. Adolescents are more likely to view illness as a disruption to their sense of independence or control. Infants lack the cognitive development to associate illness with punishment for misdeeds. School-aged children typically have a more concrete understanding of illness and its causes, moving away from magical thinking.

2. Which heart sound is produced by vibrations within the heart chambers or in the major arteries from the back-and-forth flow of blood?

• A. S1 and S2
• B. S3 and S4
• C. Murmur
• D. Physiologic splitting

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A murmur is produced by turbulent blood flow within the heart or major arteries, resulting in audible vibrations.

3. What is one focus of current health care?

• A. Increased provision of nursing services
• B. Disease prevention
• C. Symptom management
• D. Identification of disease processes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Disease prevention.' Modern healthcare places emphasis on preventing diseases to enhance overall health and well-being. While nursing services, symptom management, and disease identification are crucial components of healthcare, disease prevention plays a key role in reducing the burden of illness on individuals and communities.

4. A six-year-old child is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Which of these factors contribute to urinary tract infections in young children?

• A. Excessive intake of carbonated beverages.
• B. Insufficient water intake to flush the kidneys.
• C. Voiding pattern of 5-6 times a day.
• D. Infrequent voiding which results in urinary stasis.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Infrequent voiding can lead to urinary stasis, which increases the risk of urinary tract infections by allowing bacteria to multiply in the bladder. Encouraging regular voiding and proper hydration can help prevent UTIs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Excessive intake of carbonated beverages may irritate the bladder but is not a direct cause of UTIs. Insufficient water intake can concentrate urine but does not necessarily lead to infections. A voiding pattern of 5-6 times a day is within the normal range and is not associated with increased UTI risk.

5. A mother delivers an infant at 30 weeks gestation. The mother asks the nurse for information on nutrition and if formula would be better since the baby is premature. What is the foundation for the response to the mother by the nurse?

• A. Human milk is preferred over other types of nutrition.
• B. Human milk lacks essential nutrients when the infant is preterm.
• C. Commercial infant formulas are preferred over other types of nutrition.
• D. Commercial infant formulas have not been designed to meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Human milk is the preferred food for infants, including preterm infants. It contains essential ingredients necessary for the infant's growth and development. The mother should pump her breasts to provide milk for the infant if the child is receiving enteral feedings. Once the infant can coordinate breathing, sucking, and swallowing, breastfeeding directly is encouraged. Studies have shown that preterm infants fed fortified human milk have better outcomes compared to those fed commercial infant formulas. Commercial infant formulas may not fully meet the unique nutritional needs of preterm infants, leading to potential longer hospital stays. Therefore, human milk is the best choice for feeding premature infants.

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