Nursing Elites

1. At what age is it safe to give infants whole milk instead of commercial infant formula?

• A. 6 months
• B. 9 months
• C. 12 months
• D. 18 months

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Whole milk should not be introduced before 12 months because it lacks the necessary nutrients, such as iron, that infants need for proper growth and development.

2. What condition is often associated with severe diarrhea?

• A. Metabolic acidosis
• B. Metabolic alkalosis
• C. Respiratory acidosis
• D. Respiratory alkalosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Severe diarrhea can lead to a loss of bicarbonate, resulting in metabolic acidosis. This is a common complication of prolonged or severe diarrhea, especially in children.

3. What recommendation should the nurse make to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in young girls?

• A. Avoid public toilet facilities
• B. Limit long baths as much as possible
• C. Cleanse the perineum with water after voiding
• D. Ensure clear liquid intake of 2 L/day

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Proper perineal hygiene, including cleansing with water after voiding, is crucial in preventing UTIs in young girls. Avoiding public toilets and limiting baths are less effective than proper hygiene practices.

4. The mother of an infant diagnosed with bronchiolitis asks the nurse what causes the disease. How should the nurse respond?

• A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• B. Haemophilus influenzae
• C. Parainfluenza
• D. Rotavirus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis, especially in infants. Bronchiolitis is characterized by inflammation of the small airways in the lungs. Choice B, Haemophilus influenzae, is a bacterium that can cause respiratory infections but is not the primary cause of bronchiolitis. Choice C, Parainfluenza, is a common viral infection that can cause croup and other respiratory illnesses but is not the main cause of bronchiolitis. Choice D, Rotavirus, is a virus that primarily affects the gastrointestinal system, causing diarrhea and vomiting, and is not associated with bronchiolitis.

5. What signs or symptoms are most commonly associated with the prodromal phase of acute viral hepatitis?

• A. Bruising and lethargy
• B. Anorexia and malaise
• C. Fatigability and jaundice
• D. Dark urine and pale stools

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anorexia and malaise. The prodromal phase of acute viral hepatitis is characterized by nonspecific symptoms such as anorexia (loss of appetite) and malaise (general feeling of discomfort). These symptoms typically precede the more specific signs of jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools that manifest in the icteric phase. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because bruising and lethargy, fatigability and jaundice, and dark urine and pale stools are typically seen in later stages of acute viral hepatitis, not in the prodromal phase.

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