Nursing Elites

1. What causes wrinkled and sagging skin?

• A. Drinking too much water
• B. Heredity alone
• C. Loss of subcutaneous fat and reduced levels of elastin and collagen
• D. Excess subcutaneous fat

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Wrinkled and sagging skin is primarily caused by the loss of subcutaneous fat and reduced levels of elastin and collagen in the skin. Choice A is incorrect as drinking too much water does not lead to wrinkled and sagging skin. Choice B is incorrect because heredity alone does not cause this condition. Excess subcutaneous fat, as mentioned in Choice D, can contribute to a different skin appearance, such as puffiness, but not wrinkled and sagging skin.

2. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

• A. Growth hormone
• B. Luteinizing hormone
• C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
• D. Antidiuretic hormone

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a key role in regulating the body's water balance by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because Growth hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, Luteinizing hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, and Adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

3. What does magnetic resonance imaging use?

• A. X-rays.
• B. a radio antenna.
• C. radioisotopes.
• D. high-frequency sound waves.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. X-rays (Choice A) use electromagnetic radiation, not sound waves, making it an incorrect choice. A radio antenna (Choice B) is used for communication, not for MRI imaging. Radioisotopes (Choice C) are used in nuclear medicine imaging techniques, not in MRI scans. Therefore, the correct answer is high-frequency sound waves (Choice D) as they are utilized in MRI technology to produce images.

4. Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body and heat and pressure __________.

• A. decrease steadily
• B. remain within certain limited ranges
• C. increase when the body is stressed
• D. fluctuate greatly between very high and low values

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. To achieve this balance, concentrations of essential substances must remain within specific ranges. Choice A is incorrect because decreasing concentrations would not maintain stability. Choice C is incorrect as increasing concentrations when the body is stressed would disrupt homeostasis. Choice D is incorrect as fluctuating greatly between high and low values would also not support the body's stability. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it aligns with the concept of homeostasis by emphasizing the need for stability within certain limits.

5. The removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions is

• A. metabolism.
• B. absorption.
• C. assimilation.
• D. excretion.

Correct answer: D.

Rationale: The correct answer is 'excretion.' Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products produced by metabolic reactions from the body. Metabolism (Choice A) refers to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Absorption (Choice B) is the process of taking in nutrients and fluids into the body. Assimilation (Choice C) is the process of absorbing and incorporating nutrients into the body after digestion. Therefore, excretion is the most appropriate term for the removal of metabolic wastes.

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