ATI RN
ATI Anatomy and Physiology Online Practice
1. Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism?
- A. Maintaining blood pressure
- B. Uterine contractions during childbirth
- C. Body temperature control
- D. Control of blood sugar
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is uterine contractions during childbirth. This is an example of a positive feedback mechanism where the initial stimulus (contractions) leads to an increase in intensity and frequency, ultimately resulting in childbirth. In contrast, choices A, C, and D (maintaining blood pressure, body temperature control, and control of blood sugar) are examples of negative feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms work to maintain stability by counteracting any deviations from the set point, rather than amplifying the response like in a positive feedback mechanism.
2. Which of the following is produced by the prostate gland?
- A. testosterone
- B. fluid to lubricate the head of the penis
- C. substance to enhance sperm mobility
- D. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'fluid to lubricate the head of the penis.' The prostate gland produces a milky fluid that makes up part of the seminal fluid, which helps to nourish and transport sperm. Testosterone is produced mainly by the testes, not the prostate gland. While the prostate gland does contribute to sperm mobility, its primary function is to produce the fluid that lubricates the penis during ejaculation. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
3. Which of the following is a result of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?
- A. decreased blood flow to the skeletal muscles
- B. increased cardiac output
- C. decreased respiratory rate
- D. increased urinary output
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in cardiac output. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it causes the heart to beat faster and with more force, leading to an increased cardiac output. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system does not cause decreased blood flow to the skeletal muscles, decreased respiratory rate, or increased urinary output.
4. Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires
- A. positive feedback mechanisms.
- B. an unstable outside environment.
- C. decreased atmospheric pressure.
- D. negative feedback mechanisms.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'negative feedback mechanisms.' In biological systems, negative feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis by counteracting any deviations from the set point. They work to stabilize internal conditions and keep them within a narrow range. On the other hand, positive feedback mechanisms amplify changes and are not involved in maintaining stability. Choice B, 'an unstable outside environment,' is incorrect as internal stability is independent of external conditions like weather. Choice C, 'decreased atmospheric pressure,' is also incorrect as it does not directly relate to internal homeostasis.
5. Which of the following is not true of organelles?
- A. They carry out specific activities.
- B. They are only present in human cells.
- C. They are composed of aggregates of large molecules.
- D. They are found in many types of cells.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Organelles are not exclusive to human cells but are present in various types of cells across different organisms. Option B is incorrect as it suggests that organelles are only found in human cells, which is false. Choices A, C, and D are correct statements about organelles. Organelles indeed carry out specific activities, are made up of aggregates of large molecules, and can be found in many types of cells.
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