Nursing Elites

1. When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

• A. sadness
• B. stranger anxiety
• C. separation anxiety
• D. disgust

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tyson is experiencing stranger anxiety in this situation. Stranger anxiety is a common response in infants when they are exposed to unfamiliar people, causing distress and prompting the infant to seek comfort and familiarity, usually from their primary caregiver. This aligns with Tyson crying and reaching out for Reggie, as he is showing signs of discomfort and wariness towards the assistant, who is a stranger to him. Choice A, sadness, does not fit the scenario as Tyson's reaction is more related to fear and discomfort rather than sorrow. Choice C, separation anxiety, is not the correct answer in this context as separation anxiety pertains to distress when separated from a primary caregiver, not when encountering unfamiliar individuals. Choice D, disgust, is also not applicable as Tyson's behavior is not based on revulsion but rather on being in an unfamiliar and distressing situation.

2. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, __________?

• A. children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
• B. children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
• C. adult teaching is the best way to foster development
• D. rapid development occurs during sensitive periods

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Piaget emphasized that children learn through their own actions and interactions with the environment, leading to cognitive development. Choice B is incorrect because Piaget's theory focuses on children's active engagement in learning rather than passive reinforcement. Choice C is incorrect because Piaget's theory highlights the child's role in constructing knowledge, not solely relying on adult teaching. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to sensitive periods, a concept more associated with other developmental theories like Erikson's psychosocial theory, not Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.

3. Increasingly, researchers __________.

• A. assume that development stops at adolescence
• B. view old age as a period of decline
• C. view heredity as more influential than the environment
• D. see development as a perpetually ongoing process Answer: D Page Ref: 7 Skill Level: Understand Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 4 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Increasingly, researchers see development as a perpetually ongoing process. This perspective emphasizes that development continues throughout the lifespan, rather than stopping at a particular age like adolescence. Researchers now focus on understanding how individuals change and grow over time, recognizing that development is a lifelong journey influenced by both biological and environmental factors.

4. A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.

• A. sensorimotor reflex
• B. circular reaction
• C. mental representation
• D. goal-directed behavior

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A circular reaction is a process where an infant repeats a specific action to explore and learn about the environment through their own motor activity. This repetition helps the infant to understand the consequences of their actions and build cognitive schemes. Sensorimotor reflex (choice A) refers to automatic responses to stimuli, not a purposeful repetition of actions to learn. Mental representation (choice C) involves internal cognitive structures to represent objects or events in the mind, which is different from the repetitive behavior described in the question. Goal-directed behavior (choice D) is purposeful and intentional, unlike the repetitive nature of circular reactions in infants' learning process.

5. Like Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach __________.

• A. divides development into stages
• B. views development as discontinuous
• C. regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking
• D. has much to say about nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking.' The information-processing approach, similar to Piaget's theory, focuses on how individuals actively process information, encode it, store it, and retrieve it to understand the world around them. Choices A and B are incorrect because the information-processing approach does not necessarily divide development into stages or view development as discontinuous. Choice D is incorrect because the information-processing approach is more concerned with cognitive processes like encoding, storage, and retrieval, rather than nonlinear cognition such as imagination and creativity.

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